I-Lithium hydride (I-LiH), inhlanganisela elula kanambambili eyakhiwe i-lithium ne-hydrogen, ime njengento ebaluleke kakhulu ngokwesayensi nezimboni naphezu kwefomula yayo ebonakala iqondile. Ubonakala njengamakristalu aqinile, aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokumhlophe, lo sawoti wezinto eziphilayo unenhlanganisela eyingqayizivele yokuphinda kusebenze kwamakhemikhali kanye nezakhiwo ezibonakalayo ezivikele indima yawo ezinhlelweni ezihlukahlukene nezivame ukuba bucayi, kusukela ekuhlanganiseni amakhemikhali okuhle kuya kubuchwepheshe bendawo esezingeni eliphezulu. Uhambo lwayo olusuka kulukuluku lwaselabhorethri luye ezintweni ezivumela ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe lugcizelela ukusebenza kwayo okuphawulekayo.
Izakhiwo Eziyisisekelo Nokucatshangelwa Kokusingatha
I-Lithium hydride ibonakala ngephoyinti layo eliphezulu lokuncibilika (cishe u-680°C) kanye nokuminyana okuphansi (cishe ku-0.78 g/cm³), okuyenza ibe enye yezinhlanganisela ze-ionic ezilula kakhulu ezaziwa. Icwebezela esakhiweni se-cubic rock-salt. Kodwa-ke, isici sayo esichaza kakhulu, kanye nesici esiyinhloko ezidingweni zayo zokusingatha, ukusabela kwayo okweqile ngomswakama. I-LiH ine-hygroscopic kakhulu futhi iyasha kumswakama. Lapho ihlangana namanzi noma ngisho nomswakamo womkhathi, iba nokusabela okunamandla nokumangalisayo: LiH + H₂O → LiOH + H₂. Lokhu kusabela kukhulula igesi ye-hydrogen ngokushesha, evutha kakhulu futhi ibangele izingozi zokuqhuma okukhulu uma ingalawulwa. Ngakho-ke, i-LiH kufanele iphathwe futhi igcinwe ngaphansi kwezimo eziqinile ezingasebenzi, ngokuvamile endaweni ye-argon eyomile noma i-nitrogen, kusetshenziswa amasu akhethekile njengama-glovebox noma imigqa ye-Schlenk. Lokhu kusebenza kabusha okungokwemvelo, kuyilapho kuyinselele yokusingatha, futhi kuwumthombo wokusetshenziswa kwakho okuningi.
Izicelo Eziyinhloko Zezimboni Nezamakhemikhali
I-1.I-Precursor ye-Complex Hydrides: Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezisetshenziswa yizimboni ze-LiH njengento ebalulekile yokuqala ekukhiqizeni i-Lithium Aluminium Hydride (LiAlH₄), i-reagent yesisekelo kukhemistri ye-organic kanye ne-inorganic. I-LiAlH₄ ihlanganiswa ngokusabela i-LiH nge-aluminium chloride (AlCl₃) kuzincibilikisi ze-ethereal. I-LiAlH₄ ngokwayo iyi-ejenti yokunciphisa enamandla kakhulu futhi eguquguqukayo, ebaluleke kakhulu ekwehliseni amaqembu e-carbonyl, ama-carboxylic acid, ama-ester, namanye amaqembu amaningi asebenzayo kwezemithi, amakhemikhali amahle, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-polymer. Ngaphandle kwe-LiH, ukuhlanganiswa kwesilinganiso esikhulu ukonga kwe-LiAlH₄ bekungeke kusebenze.
2.Ukukhiqizwa KweSilane: I-LiH idlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlanganisweni kwe-silane (SiH₄), isandulela esiyinhloko se-silicon ehlanzekile kakhulu esetshenziswa kumadivayisi we-semiconductor namaseli elanga. Umzila wezimboni oyinhloko uhilela ukusabela kwe-LiH nge-silicon tetrachloride (SiCl₄): 4 LiH + SiCl₄ → SiH₄ + 4 LiCl. Izidingo zokuhlanzeka okuphezulu kukaSilane zenza le nqubo esekelwe ku-LiH ibaluleke kakhulu ezimbonini zama-electronics kanye ne-photovoltaics.
I-3.I-ejenti Yokunciphisa Enamandla: Ngokuqondile, i-LiH isebenza njenge-ejenti yokunciphisa enamandla kukho kokubili ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto eziphilayo kanye ne-inorganic synthesis. Amandla ayo okunciphisa aqinile (amandla okunciphisa ajwayelekile ~ -2.25 V) ayivumela ukuba inciphise ama-oxide ensimbi ahlukahlukene, ama-halides, nama-unsaturated organic compounds ngaphansi kwezimo ezishisa kakhulu noma ezinhlelweni ezithile ze-solvent. Kuwusizo kakhulu ekukhiqizeni ama-hydride ensimbi noma ekwehliseni amaqembu asebenzayo afinyeleleka kancane lapho ama-reagents amancane ehluleka khona.
I-4.I-ejenti Ye-Condensation ku-Organic Synthesis: I-LiH ithola ukusetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokufingqa, ikakhulukazi ekuphenduleni okufana ne-Knoevenagel condensation noma ukusabela kohlobo lwe-aldol. Ingasebenza njengesisekelo sokususa ama-acidic substrates, kube lula ukwakheka kwebhondi ye-carbon-carbon. Inzuzo yayo ivame ukutholakala ekukhetheni kwayo kanye nokuncibilika kosawoti we-lithium okwakhiwa njengemikhiqizo ekhiqizwayo.
5.Umthombo weHydrojeni Ephathekayo: Ukusabela okunamandla kwe-LiH ngamanzi ukukhiqiza igesi ye-hydrogen kuyenza ibe ikhandidethi elikhangayo njengomthombo ophathwayo we-hydrogen. Lesi sakhiwo sihlolelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana namaseli kaphethiloli (ikakhulukazi ku-niche, izidingo zokuminyana kwamandla), ama-inflators ezimo eziphuthumayo, nokukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen esikalini selabhorethri lapho ukukhululwa okulawulwayo kungenzeka khona. Nakuba izinselele ezihlobene ne-reaction kinetics, ukuphathwa kokushisa, kanye nesisindo se-lithium hydroxide byproduct zikhona, umthamo omkhulu wokugcina i-hydrogen ngesisindo (i-LiH iqukethe ~ 12.6 wt% H₂ ekhishwa nge-H₂O) ihlala iphoqa izimo ezithile, ikakhulukazi uma kuqhathaniswa negesi elicindezelwe.
Izicelo Zezinto Ezithuthukile: Isivikelo Nesitoreji Samandla
1.I-Lightweight Nuclear Shielding Material: Ngalé kokusebenza kwayo kabusha kwamakhemikhali, i-LiH inezinto ezibonakalayo ezibonakalayo zokusetshenziswa kwezikhali zenuzi. Izingxenye zayo zenombolo ye-athomu ephansi (i-lithium ne-hydrogen) ziyenza isebenze kakhulu ekulinganiseni nasekumunceni ama-neutron ashisayo ngokusebenzisa ⁶Li(n,α)³H ukusabela kokuthwebula kanye nokusakazwa kwe-proton. Okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuminyana kwayo okuphansi kakhulu kuyenza ibe into engasindi yokuvikela i-nuclear, enikeza izinzuzo ezibalulekile kuzinto ezivamile ezifana nomthofu noma ukhonkolo ezinhlelweni ezibucayi zesisindo. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu emkhathini (ukuvikela izinto zikagesi zemikhumbi-mkhathi nabasebenzi), imithombo ye-neutron ephathekayo, namabhokisi okuthutha enuzi lapho ukunciphisa ubukhulu kubaluleke kakhulu. I-LiH ivikela ngempumelelo emisebeni edalwe ukusabela kwenuzi, ikakhulukazi imisebe ye-neutron.
2.Isitoreji Samandla Ashisayo Sezinhlelo Zamandla Asemkhathini: Mhlawumbe isicelo esisesikhathini esizayo nesicwaningiwe kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwe-LiH ukugcina amandla ashisayo kumasistimu amandla asemkhathini. Imishini yasemkhathini ethuthukisiwe, ikakhulukazi leyo ehambela kude neLanga (isb., ukuya kumaplanethi angaphandle noma izigxobo zenyanga phakathi nobusuku obunwetshiwe), idinga izinhlelo zamandla aqinile ezingaxhomeki emisebe yelanga. Ama-Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs) aguqula ukushisa kusuka kuma-radioisotopes abolayo (njenge-Plutonium-238) abe ugesi. I-LiH isaphenywa njengento esetshenziswa yi-Thermal Energy Storage (TES) ehlanganiswe nalawa masistimu. Umgomo uthuthukisa ukushisa okucashile okuphakeme kakhulu kwe-LiH kwenhlanganisela (iphuzu elincibilikayo ~680°C, ukushisa kwenhlanganisela ~ 2,950 J/g – okuphakeme kakhulu kunosawoti ovamile njengeNaCl noma usawoti welanga). I-Molten LiH ingakwazi ukumunca isamba esikhulu sokushisa ku-RTG ngesikhathi “sokushaja.” Phakathi nezikhathi zokusitheka kwelanga noma isidingo samandla esiphezulu, ukushisa okugciniwe kukhishwa njengoba i-LiH iqina, igcina izinga lokushisa elizinzile leziguquli ze-thermoelectric kanye nokuqinisekisa ukukhishwa kwamandla kagesi okuqhubekayo, okuthembekile ngisho nalapho umthombo wokushisa oyinhloko uguquguquka noma phakathi nobumnyama olwengeziwe. Ucwaningo lugxile ekusebenzisaneni nezinto zokuphatha, ukuzinza kwesikhathi eside ngaphansi kokuhamba ngamabhayisikili ashisayo, kanye nokuthuthukisa idizayini yesistimu ukuze isebenze kahle kakhulu nokwethembeka endaweni enzima. I-NASA namanye ama-ejensi asemkhathini abheka i-TES esekelwe ku-LiH njengobuchwepheshe obunika amandla obubalulekile bokuhlola indawo ejulile yesikhathi eside kanye nokusebenza kwenyanga.
I-Utility eyengeziwe: Izakhiwo ze-Desiccant
Isebenzisa ukusondelana kwayo okujulile kwamanzi, i-LiH iphinde isebenze njenge-desiccant enhle kakhulu yokomisa amagesi nezincibilikizo ezinhlelweni ezikhethekile ezidinga amazinga omswakama aphansi kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ukusabela kwayo okungahlehliseki emanzini (ukusebenzisa i-LiH nokukhiqiza igesi ye-H₂ ne-LiOH) kanye nezingozi ezihambisanayo kusho ukuthi ngokuvamile isetshenziswa kuphela lapho ama-desiccants avamile afana nezisefo zamangqamuzana noma i-phosphorus pentoxide enganele, noma lapho ukusebenza kabusha kwawo kufeza injongo embaxambili.
I-Lithium hydride, enamakristalu ayo ahlukile ngokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokumhlophe kanye nokusebenza okunamandla kumswakama, ingaphezu kakhulu kwenhlanganisela yamakhemikhali elula. Iyisandulela sezimboni esibalulekile sama-reagents abalulekile njenge-lithium aluminium hydride ne-silane, i-reductant eqondile enamandla kanye ne-ejenti yokujiya ekuhlanganiseni, kanye nomthombo we-hydrogen ephathekayo. Ngaphandle kwamakhemikhali endabuko, izici zayo ezibonakalayo eziyingqayizivele - ikakhulukazi inhlanganisela yayo yokuminyana okuphansi kanye nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-hydrogen/lithium - kuyiqhubezele ezindaweni ezithuthukile zobuchwepheshe. Isebenza njengesivikelo esibalulekile se-lightweight emisebeni yenuzi futhi manje isihamba phambili ocwaningweni lokuvumela izinhlelo zamandla asemkhathini wesizukulwane esilandelayo ngokusebenzisa isitoreji samandla ashisayo asondelene kakhulu. Ngenkathi ifuna ukuphathwa ngokucophelela ngenxa yemvelo yayo ye-pyrophoric, ukusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene kwe-lithium hydride kuqinisekisa ukuhambisana kwayo okuqhubekayo kuyo yonke imikhakha yesayensi nobunjiniyela, kusukela ebhentshini laselabhorethri kuya ekujuleni kwendawo ephakathi kwamaplanethi. Iqhaza layo ekusekeleni kokubili ukukhiqizwa kwamakhemikhali okuyisisekelo kanye nokuhlola indawo yokuqala kugcizelela ukubaluleka kwayo okuhlala njalo njengento enamandla amakhulu kanye nokusebenza okuyingqayizivele.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-30-2025