I-Lithium Hydride: Ihashi elisebenza ngeendlela ezininzi nelinamandla

I-Lithium hydride (LiH), ikhompawundi elula yokubini eyenziwe nge-lithium kunye ne-hydrogen, ime njengento ebalulekileyo yesayensi kunye nokubaluleka kwezoshishino nangona ifomula yayo ibonakala iqondile. Ibonakala njengeekristale ezilukhuni, eziluhlaza-mhlophe, le tyuwa ye-inorganic inendibaniselwano ekhethekileyo yekhemikhali yokuphinda isebenze kunye neepropathi ezibonakalayo eziye zakhusela indima yazo kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo nezihlala zibalulekile, ukusukela kwimichiza elungileyo ukuya kwitekhnoloji yokusika indawo. Uhambo lwayo olusuka kwilabhoratri yokufuna ukwazi ukuya kwizinto ezivumela ubugcisa obuphambili bugxininisa usetyenziso olumangalisayo.

IiPropati eziSisiseko kunye neeNgqwalaselo zokuPhathwa

I-Lithium hydride ibonakaliswa kwindawo yayo ephezulu yokunyibilika (malunga ne-680°C) kunye noxinano oluphantsi (malunga ne-0.78 g/cm³), nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe yenye yezona khompawundi ze-ionic ezikhaphukhaphu zaziwayo. Ikhazimlisa kwisakhiwo se-cubic rock-tyiwa. Nangona kunjalo, olona phawu lwayo luchazayo, kunye neyona nto iphambili kwiimfuno zayo zokuphatha, kukusebenza kwayo ngokugqithisileyo kunye nokufuma. I-LiH i-hygroscopic kakhulu kwaye inokutsha kumswakama. Xa idibana namanzi okanye nokufuma kwe-atmospheric, ifumana impendulo enamandla kunye ne-exothermic: LiH + H₂O → LiOH + H₂. Oku kusabela kukhulula irhasi yehidrojeni ngokukhawuleza, enokutsha kakhulu kwaye ibangele iingozi ezinkulu zokudubula ukuba ayilawulwa. Ngenxa yoko, i-LiH kufuneka iphathwe kwaye igcinwe phantsi kweemeko ezingqongqo ezingasebenziyo, ngokuqhelekileyo kwindawo eyomileyo ye-argon okanye initrogen, kusetyenziswa ubuchule obukhethekileyo obufana neebhokisi zeglavu okanye iilayini zeSchlenk. Oku kuphinda kusebenze, ngelixa kungumngeni wokusingatha, ikwangumthombo woncedo oluninzi.

Usetyenziso olungundoqo kwiShishini kunye neMichiza

I-1.I-Precursor ye-Complex Hydrides: Enye yezona zinto zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-industrial ye-LiH njengento ebalulekileyo yokuqala ukuveliswa kweLithium Aluminium Hydride (LiAlH₄), i-reagent yekona kwi-organic and inorganic chemistry. I-LiAlH₄ yenziwe ngokusabela i-LiH nge-aluminiyam chloride (AlCl₃) kwizinyibilikisi ze-ethereal. I-LiAlH₄ ngokwayo yiarhente yokunciphisa enamandla kakhulu kwaye iguquguqukayo, eyimfuneko ekunciphiseni amaqela e-carbonyl, i-carboxylic acids, i-esters, kunye namanye amaqela amaninzi asebenzayo kumayeza, iikhemikhali ezintle, kunye nemveliso yepolymer. Ngaphandle kwe-LiH, uqoqosho olukhulu lwe-synthesis ye-LiAlH₄ alunakwenzeka.

I-2.Imveliso yeSilane: I-LiH idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-synthesis ye-silane (SiH₄), i-precursor ephambili ye-silicon ye-ultra-pure esetyenziswa kwizixhobo ze-semiconductor kunye neeseli zelanga. Indlela yokuqala yoshishino ibandakanya ukusabela kwe-LiH ngesilicon tetrachloride (SiCl₄): 4 LiH + SiCl₄ → SiH₄ + 4 LiCl. Iimfuno eziphezulu zokucoceka kukaSilane zenza le nkqubo isekwe kwiLiH ibaluleke kakhulu kumashishini ombane kunye nephotovoltaics.

I-3.I-Agent yokunciphisa amandla: Ngokuthe ngqo, i-LiH isebenza njenge-agent yokunciphisa enamandla kwizinto zombini kunye ne-inorganic synthesis. Amandla ayo anamandla okunciphisa (umgangatho wokunciphisa amandla ~ -2.25 V) ivumela ukuba inciphise i-oxides yensimbi eyahlukeneyo, i-halides, kunye ne-unsaturated organic compounds phantsi kweemeko eziphezulu zokushisa okanye kwiinkqubo ezithile ze-solvent. Iluncedo kakhulu ekuveliseni iihydrides zetsimbi okanye ukunciphisa amaqela asebenzayo afikelelekayo kakhulu apho ii-reagents ezibuthathaka zisilela.

I-4.I-Agent ye-Condensation kwi-Organic Synthesis: I-LiH ifumana isicelo njenge-agent ye-condensation, ngokukodwa kwiimpendulo ezifana ne-Knoevenagel condensation okanye i-aldol-type reactions. Inokuthi isebenze njengesiseko kwi-deprotonate substrates acidic, iququzelele ukubunjwa kwe-carbon-carbon bond. Inzuzo yayo ihlala ihleli ekukhetheni kwayo kunye nokunyibilika kweetyuwa ze-lithium ezenziwe njengemveliso.

5.I-Hydrogen ephathwayo Umthombo: Ukusabela ngamandla kwe-LiH ngamanzi ukuvelisa igesi ye-hydrogen kuyenza ibe ngumgqatswa onomtsalane njengomthombo ophathwayo we-hydrogen. Le propati ihlolwe kwizicelo ezifana neeseli ze-fuel (ingakumbi kwi-niche, iimfuno zokuxinana kwamandla aphezulu), i-inflators engxamisekileyo, kunye nokuveliswa kwe-hydrogen kwilabhoratri apho ukukhululwa okulawulwayo kunokwenzeka. Ngelixa imingeni enxulumene ne-reaction kinetics, ulawulo lobushushu, kunye nobunzima be-lithium hydroxide byproduct ikhona, i-high hydrogen storage capacity by weight (LiH iqulethe ~ 12.6 wt% H₂ ekhutshwayo nge-H₂O) ihlala inyanzelekile kwiimeko ezithile, ngakumbi xa kuthelekiswa negesi ecinezelweyo.

Izicelo zeMathiriyeli eziPhezulu: UkuKhusela kunye noGcino lwaMandla

1.Isixhobo sokuKhusela iNyukliya esiLula: Ngaphaya kokusebenza kwakhona kwemichiza, i-LiH ineempawu ezibonakalayo ezikhethekileyo zokusetyenziswa kwenyukliya. Amalungu ayo e-atom ephantsi (i-lithium kunye ne-hydrogen) iyenza isebenze kakhulu ekumodareyitheni nasekufunxeni i-neutrons ezishushu ngo-⁶Li(n,α)³H ukusabela kokubanjwa kunye nokusasazwa kweproton. Okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuxinana kwayo okuphantsi kakhulu kuyenza ibe yimathiriyeli ekhaphukhaphu yokukhusela inyukliya, inika uncedo olubalulekileyo kwimathiriyeli yemveli efana nelothe okanye ikhonkrithi kwizicelo ezibaluleke kakhulu kubunzima. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kwi-aerospace (ukukhusela i-electronics of spacecraft and crew), imithombo ye-neutron ephathekayo, kunye neebhokisi zothutho zenyukliya apho ukunciphisa ubunzima kubaluleke kakhulu. I-LiH ikhusela ngokufanelekileyo kwimitha yemitha edalwe kukusabela kwenyukliya, ngakumbi imitha ye-neutron.

I-2.I-Thermal Energy Storage ye-Space Power Systems: Mhlawumbi i-futuristic kakhulu kunye nesicelo esiphandiweyo ngokusebenzayo kukusetyenziswa kwe-LiH yokugcina amandla ashushu kwiinkqubo zamandla asemajukujukwini. Uthumo lwasemajukujukwini olukwinqanaba eliphezulu, ngakumbi abo bahamba kude neLanga (umzekelo, ukuya kwiiplanethi ezingaphandle okanye kwiipali zenyanga ngobusuku obandisiweyo), bafuna iinkqubo zombane ezomeleleyo ezizimeleyo kukukhanya kwelanga. I-Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs) iguqula ubushushu obusuka kwiiradioisotopes ezibolayo (ezifana nePlutonium-238) zibe ngumbane. I-LiH iphandwa njengento yokugcina amandla e-Thermal Energy (TES) ehlanganiswe nezi nkqubo. Umgaqo uphakamisa ubushushu obuphezulu kakhulu be-LiH obufihliweyo bomxube (indawo yokunyibilika ~ 680 ° C, ubushushu bomxube ~ 2,950 J/g - ngaphezulu kakhulu kuneetyuwa eziqhelekileyo njengeNaCl okanye iityuwa zelanga). I-Molten LiH inokufunxa ubushushu obuninzi obuvela kwi-RTG ngexesha “lokutshaja.” Ngexesha lokusithwa kwelanga yinyanga okanye imfuneko yamandla encopho, ubushushu obugciniweyo bukhutshwa njengoko i-LiH iqina, igcina iqondo lobushushu elizinzileyo kwiziguquli ze-thermoelectric kunye nokuqinisekisa okuqhubekayo, okuthembekileyo kokuphuma kwamandla ombane naxa umthombo wobushushu osisiseko uguquguquka okanye ngexesha lobumnyama obandisiweyo. Uphando lujolise ekulungelelaniseni izinto zokulawula, ukuzinza kwexesha elide phantsi kwebhayisikile ye-thermal, kunye nokuphucula uyilo lwenkqubo yokusebenza okuphezulu kunye nokuthembeka kwindawo enzima yendawo. I-NASA kunye nezinye ii-arhente zendawo zijonga i-TES esekwe kwi-LiH njengobuchwephesha obubalulekileyo obuvumela ixesha elide lokuphonononga indawo enzulu kunye nokusebenza komphezulu wenyanga.

Usetyenziso olongezelelweyo: IiPropati zeDesiccant

Ukusebenzisa ubudlelwane obunzulu bamanzi, i-LiH ikwasebenza njenge-desiccant egqwesileyo yokomisa iigesi kunye nezinyibilikisi kwizicelo ezikhethekileyo ezifuna amanqanaba okufuma aphantsi kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, ukusabela kwayo okungenakuguqulwa ngamanzi (ukutya i-LiH kunye nokuvelisa i-H₂ igesi kunye ne-LiOH) kunye neengozi ezinxulumene nazo zithetha ukuba ngokuqhelekileyo zisetyenziswa kuphela apho i-desiccants eqhelekileyo efana ne-molecular sieves okanye i-phosphorus pentoxide ingonelanga, okanye apho ukusebenza kwakhona kufeza injongo ezimbini.

I-Lithium hydride, eneekristale ezimhlophe-bluish-ezimhlophe kunye nokusebenza okunamandla kokufuma, ingaphezulu lee kunekhompawundi elula yeekhemikhali. Sisandulela soshishino esiyimfuneko kwii-reagents ezibalulekileyo ezifana ne-lithium aluminiyam hydride kunye ne-silane, i-reductant enamandla kunye ne-condensation agent kwi-synthesis, kunye nomthombo we-hydrogen ephathekayo. Ngaphandle kwekhemistri yemveli, iipropathi zayo ezikhethekileyo zomzimba - ngakumbi indibaniselwano yoxinaniso oluphantsi kunye nomxholo ophezulu we-hydrogen / lithium - iyiqhubele kwimimandla yetekhnoloji ephezulu. Isebenza njengekhaka elibalulekileyo elikhaphukhaphu ngokuchasene nokusasazeka kwemitha yenyukliya kwaye ngoku iphambili kuphando ukulungiselela isizukulwana esilandelayo seenkqubo zamandla asemajukujukwini ngogcino lwamandla obushushu obuphezulu. Ngelixa ifuna ukuphathwa ngononophelo ngenxa yobume bayo be-pyrophoric, ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezininzi ze-lithium hydride iqinisekisa ukufaneleka kwayo okuqhubekayo kuluhlu olubanzi ngokumangalisayo lwezifundo zenzululwazi nobunjineli, ukusuka kwibhentshi yelabhoratri ukuya kubunzulu besithuba seplanethi. Indima yayo ekuxhaseni ukuveliswa kweekhemikhali ezisisiseko kunye nokuphonononga indawo yobuvulindlela kugxininisa ixabiso layo elihlala lihleli njengesixhobo sokuxinana kwamandla aphezulu kunye nokusebenza okukodwa.