Muna 2010, Geim naNovoselov vakahwina Mubairo weNobel mufizikisi nekuda kwebasa ravo pagraphene. Mubairo uyu wakasiya pfungwa huru kuvanhu vazhinji. Pamusoro pezvose, hazvisi zvese zvishandiso zvekuyedza zveNobel Prize zvakajairika setepi yekunamira, uye hazvisi zvese zvinhu zvekutsvagisa zvine mashiripiti uye zviri nyore kunzwisisa segraphene ye "two-dimensional crystal". Basa iri muna 2004 rinogona kupihwa muna 2010, izvo zvisingawanzo kuwanikwa munhoroondo yeNobel Prize mumakore achangopfuura.
Graphene rudzi rwechinhu chine jira rimwe chete remaatomu ekabhoni akarongwa zvakanaka kuita lattice ine mativi maviri yehoneycomb hexagonal. Kufanana nedhaimani, graphite, fullerene, carbon nanotubes uye amorphous carbon, chinhu (chinhu chiri nyore) chinoumbwa nezvinhu zvekabhoni. Sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo uri pazasi, mafullerenes nemachubhu ekabhoni anogona kuonekwa akaputirwa neimwe nzira kubva pajira rimwe chete regraphene, iro rakarongwa nezvikamu zvakawanda zvegraphene. Tsvagiridzo yedzidziso pamusoro pekushandiswa kwegraphene kutsanangura hunhu hwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekabhoni (graphite, carbon nanotubes uye graphene) yagara kwemakore anoda kusvika makumi matanhatu, asi zvinowanzo fungidzirwa kuti zvinhu zvakadaro zvine mativi maviri zvakaoma kugara zviripo zvega, zvakabatanidzwa chete pamusoro pe substrate ine mativi matatu kana mukati mezvinhu zvakaita segraphite. Zvakasvika muna 2004 apo Andre Geim nemudzidzi wake Konstantin Novoselov vakabvisa jira rimwe chete regraphene kubva kugraphite kuburikidza nekuyedza ndipo pakawana tsvagiridzo itsva.
Zvese zviri zviviri fullerene (kuruboshwe) uye carbon nanotube (pakati) zvinogona kuonekwa sekunge zvakaputirwa nechikamu chimwe chete chegraphene neimwe nzira, nepo graphite (kurudyi) yakaunganidzwa nezvikamu zvakawanda zvegraphene kuburikidza nekubatana kwesimba revan der Waals.
Mazuva ano, graphene inogona kuwanikwa nenzira dzakawanda, uye nzira dzakasiyana dzine zvakanakira nezvadzisina. Geim naNovoselov vakawana graphene nenzira iri nyore. Vachishandisa tepi yakajeka inowanikwa muzvitoro zvikuru, vakabvisa graphene, pepa regrafiti rine jira rimwe chete remaatomu ekabhoni, kubva pachidimbu che pyrolytic graphite yepamusoro. Izvi zviri nyore, asi kugona kudzora hakuna kunaka, uye graphene ine saizi iri pasi pe100 microns (chikamu chimwe chete mugumi chemirimita) inogona kuwanikwa chete, iyo inogona kushandiswa pakuedza, asi zvakaoma kushandiswa pakushandisa. Kuiswa kwemakemikari mumhepo kunogona kukura samples dzegraphene dzine saizi yemakumi emasendimita pamusoro pesimbi. Kunyangwe nzvimbo ine kurongeka kwakafanana iri 100 microns chete [3,4], yave yakakodzera zvinodiwa pakugadzira kwemamwe maapplication. Imwe nzira yakajairika ndeyekupisa silicon carbide (SIC) crystal kusvika kupfuura 1100 ℃ mu vacuum, kuitira kuti maatomu esilicon ari pedyo nepamusoro atsve, uye maatomu ecarbon asara agadziriswe, ayo anogonawo kuwana samples dzegraphene dzine hunhu hwakanaka.
Graphene chinhu chitsva chine hunhu hwakasiyana: kufambiswa kwayo kwemagetsi kwakanaka semhangura, uye kufambiswa kwayo kwekupisa kuri nani pane chero chinhu chinozivikanwa. Yakajeka zvikuru. Chikamu chidiki chete (2.3%) chechiedza chinoonekwa chakamira chichatorwa negraphene, uye chiedza chikuru chichapfuura nepakati. Yakakora zvekuti kunyange maatomu ehelium (mamorekuru madiki egasi) haagone kupfuura nepakati. Hunhu uhwu hwemashiripiti hahuna kugara nhaka zvakananga kubva kugraphite, asi kubva kuquantum mechanics. Hunhu hwayo hwakasiyana hwemagetsi nemaziso hunoratidza kuti ine mikana yakawanda yekushandisa.
Kunyangwe graphene yaonekwa kwemakore asingasviki gumi chete, yakaratidza mashandisirwo akawanda ehunyanzvi, izvo zvisingawanzoitiki muminda yefizikisi nesainzi yezvinhu. Zvinotora makore anopfuura gumi kana makumi emakore kuti zvinhu zvakajairika zvibve murabhoritari kuenda kuhupenyu chaihwo. Chii chinobatsira graphene? Ngatitarisei mienzaniso miviri.
Electrode yakapfava yakajeka
Mumidziyo yakawanda yemagetsi, zvinhu zvinofambisa magetsi zvinoonekera zvinofanira kushandiswa semaerekitironi. Mawachi emagetsi, macalculator, materevhizheni, displays emvura inopenya, ma touch screen, solar panels nezvimwe zvishandiso zvakawanda hazvigone kusiya maerekitironi anopenya. Electrode inopenya yechinyakare inoshandisa indium tin oxide (ITO). Nekuda kwemutengo wakakwira uye kuwanikwa kushoma kweindium, zvinhu zvacho zvinopfava uye hazvina kuchinjika, uye electrode inoda kuiswa pakati pe vacuum, uye mutengo wacho wakakwira. Kwenguva yakareba, masayendisiti anga achiedza kutsvaga chinotsiva. Pamusoro pezvinodiwa zvekujekesa, kufambisa magetsi zvakanaka uye kugadzirira kuri nyore, kana kushanduka kwezvinhu pachazvo kwakanaka, kuchave kwakakodzera kugadzira "pepa remagetsi" kana zvimwe zvishandiso zvinopetwa. Saka, kushanduka-shanduka chinhu chakakoshawo. Graphene chinhu chakadaro, chakakodzera maerekitironi anopenya.
Vatsvaguriri vanobva kuSamsung neChengjunguan University muSouth Korea vakawana graphene ine urefu hwemasendimita makumi matatu nechidimbu kuburikidza ne chemical vapor deposition ndokuiendesa kufirimu re polyethylene terephthalate (PET) rine 188 micron thick kuti igadzire graphene based touch screen [4]. Sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo uri pazasi, graphene inokura pa copper foil inotanga yabatanidzwa ne thermal stripping tape (blue transparent part), ipapo copper foil inonyungudutswa nenzira ye chemical, uye pakupedzisira graphene inotamisirwa kuPET film nekupisa.
Midziyo mitsva ye photoelectric induction
Graphene ine hunhu hwakasiyana hwekuona. Kunyangwe paine jira rimwe chete remaatomu, inogona kupinza 2.3% yechiedza chinoburitswa muhuwandu hwese hwewavelength kubva kuchiedza chinoonekwa kusvika kuinfrared. Nhamba iyi haina chekuita nezvimwe zvinhu zvegraphene uye inotsanangurwa nequantum electrodynamics [6]. Chiedza chinonyudzwa chichatungamira mukugadzirwa kwevatakuri (maerekitironi nemaburi). Kugadzirwa uye kutakurwa kwevatakuri mugraphene kwakasiyana zvikuru nezviri muma semiconductors echinyakare. Izvi zvinoita kuti graphene ive yakakodzera kwazvo kune michina ye ultrafast photoelectric induction. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti michina yakadaro ye photoelectric induction inogona kushanda pa frequency ye 500ghz. Kana ikashandiswa kutumira masaini, inogona kutumira mabhiriyoni mazana mashanu e zero kana ma one pa sekondi, uye kupedzisa kutumira zviri muma Blu ray disc maviri mu sekondi imwe chete.
Nyanzvi dzinobva kuIBM Thomas J. Watson Research Centre muUnited States dzakashandisa graphene kugadzira michina ye photoelectric induction inogona kushanda pa 10GHz frequency [8]. Kutanga, graphene flakes dzakagadzirwa pa silicon substrate yakafukidzwa ne 300 nm thick silica ne "tape rimming method", uye ipapo palladium gold kana titanium gold electrodes ine interval ye 1 micron nehupamhi hwe 250 nm dzakagadzirwa pairi. Nenzira iyi, mudziyo we photoelectric induction unowanikwa uchishandisa graphene.
Dhiyagiramu yemifananidzo yegraphene photoelectric induction equipment uye scanning electron microscope (SEM) yemasampuli chaiwo. Mutsetse mupfupi mutema uri mumufananidzo unoenderana nema microns mashanu, uye daro riri pakati pemitsara yesimbi i micron imwe chete.
Kuburikidza nekuyedza, vaongorori vakawana kuti mudziyo uyu wesimbi wegraphene simbi une photoelectric induction unogona kusvika pa16ghz, uye unogona kushanda nekumhanya kwakanyanya muhuwandu hwewavelength kubva pa300 nm (pedyo neultraviolet) kusvika kuma microns matanhatu (infrared), nepo chubhu yemazuva ano ye photoelectric induction isingakwanise kupindura kuchiedza che infrared chine wavelength yakareba. Kushanda kwenguva refu kwemuchina we graphene photoelectric induction kuchiri nenzvimbo yakanaka yekuvandudza. Kushanda kwayo kwepamusoro kunoita kuti ive neruzivo rwakasiyana-siyana rwekushandisa, kusanganisira kutaurirana, kudzora kure uye kutarisa zvakatipoteredza.
Sechinhu chitsva chine hunhu hwakasiyana, tsvakiridzo yekushandiswa kwegraphene iri kubuda imwe mushure meimwe. Zvakaoma kuti tiverenge pano. Mune ramangwana, panogona kunge paine machubhu emhedzisiro yemumunda akagadzirwa negraphene, maswichi emolecular akagadzirwa negraphene uye mamolecular detector akagadzirwa negraphene muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva… Graphene inobuda zvishoma nezvishoma murabhoritari ichapenya muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
Tinogona kutarisira kuti zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvakawanda zvinoshandisa graphene zvichaonekwa munguva pfupi iri kutevera. Funga kuti zvaizofadza sei kudai mafoni edu nemabhuku edu emagetsi aigona kupetwa, kusungwa panzeve dzedu, kuiswa muhomwe dzedu, kana kuputirwa pamaoko edu kana tisiri kushandisa!
Nguva yekutumira: Kurume-09-2022