Lithium hydride (LiH), iri nyore bhinari komisheni inoumbwa ne lithium uye hydrogen, inomira sechinhu chakakosha chesainzi uye maindasitiri kukosha kunyangwe yaita seyakatwasuka fomula. Ichitaridza kunge yakaoma, bluish-white crystals, iyi inorganic munyu ine yakasarudzika musanganiswa wekemikari reactivity uye zvimiro zvemuviri izvo zvakachengetedza basa rayo muakasiyana uye kazhinji akakosha maapplication, kubva kune yakanaka makemikari synthesis kusvika kucheki-pamucheto tekinoroji yemuchadenga. Rwendo rwayo kubva murabhoritari kuda kuziva kune chinhu chinogonesa tekinoroji yepamusoro inosimbisa kushanda kwayo kunoshamisa.
Hunhu Hunokosha uye Kubata Kufunga
Lithium hydride inoratidzwa nekunyungudika kwayo kwepamusoro (inenge 680 ° C) uye kuderera (kutenderera 0.78 g/cm³), zvichiita kuti ive imwe yeakareruka ionic makomisheni anozivikanwa. Iyo inopenya mu cubic rock-munyu chimiro. Nekudaro, iyo inonyanya kutsanangura hunhu, uye chinhu chikuru mukubata kwayo zvinodiwa, ndeye yakanyanyisa reactivity nehunyoro. LiH yakanyanya hygroscopic uye inopfuta mukunyorova. Kana yasangana nemvura kana hunyoro hwemuchadenga, inosangana nesimba uye exothermic kuita: LiH + H₂O → LiOH + H₂. Kuita uku kunosunungura gasi rehydrogen nekukurumidza, iro rinopisa zvakanyanya uye rinounza njodzi huru dzekuputika kana ikasadzorwa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, LiH inofanirwa kubatwa uye kuchengetwa pasi pemamiriro ekunze anert, kazhinji mumhepo yakaoma argon kana nitrogen, uchishandisa hunyanzvi hwekuita semagirovhosi kana mitsetse yeSchlenk. Iyi inherent reactivity, nepo kubata dambudziko, zvakare ndiko kunobva kwakawanda kwekubatsira kwayo.
Core Industrial uye Chemical Applications
1.Precursor for Complex Hydrides: Imwe yeanonyanya kukosha maindasitiri kushandiswa kweLiH ndiyo yakakosha kutanga zvinhu zvekugadzirwa kweLithium Aluminium Hydride (LiAlH₄), reagent yekona mu organic uye inorganic chemistry. LiAlH₄ inogadzirwa nekuita LiH nealuminium chloride (AlCl₃) mune ethereal solvents. LiAlH₄ pachayo isimba rakakura uye rinoita zvakasiyana-siyana kuderedza mumiririri, yakakosha pakudzikisa mapoka ecarbonyl, carboxylic acids, esters, uye mamwe akawanda mapoka anoshanda mumishonga yemishonga, makemikari akanaka, uye polymer kugadzirwa. Pasina LiH, iyo yehupfumi yakakura-yakakura synthesis yeLiAlH₄ ingave isingashande.
2.Silane Production: LiH inobata basa rakakosha mukuumbwa kwe silane (SiH₄), yakakosha precursor ye-ultra-pure silicon inoshandiswa mumidziyo yesemiconductor uye maseru ezuva. Iyo yekutanga maindasitiri nzira inosanganisira kuita kweLiH nesilicon tetrachloride (SiCl₄): 4 LiH + SiCl₄ → SiH₄ + 4 LiCl. Silane's high kuchena zvinodiwa zvinoita kuti iyi LiH-based process yakakosha kune zvemagetsi uye photovoltaics maindasitiri.
3.Powerful Reducing Agent: Yakananga, LiH inoshanda sechinhu chine simba chinoderedza musimba mune zvose organic uye inorganic synthesis. Simba rayo rakasimba rekudzikisa (standard reduction potential ~ -2.25 V) inobvumira kuderedza zvakasiyana-siyana zvesimbi oxides, halides, uye unsaturated organic compounds pasi pepamusoro-tembiricha mamiriro kana mune chaiyo solvent systems. Zvinonyanya kubatsira pakugadzira simbi hydrides kana kuderedza mashoma anoshanda mapoka uko milder reagents inotadza.
4.Condensation Agent muOrganic Synthesis: LiH inowana kushandiswa sechinhu chinogadzirisa, kunyanya mukuita seKnoevenagel condensation kana aldol-type reactions. Inogona kuita sehwaro hwekudzikisa acidic substrates, kufambisa kabhoni-carbon bond kuumbwa. Kubatsira kwaro kunowanzo kuve mukusarudza kwayo uye kunyungudika kwelithium salt inoumbwa seyakagadzirwa.
5.Portable Hydrogen Chitubu: Kuita kwakasimba kweLiH nemvura kugadzira gasi rehydrogen kunoita kuti ive mumiriri anokwezva senzvimbo inotakurika yehydrogen. Ichi chivakwa chakaongororwa mashandisirwo akaita semafuta maseru (kunyanya kune niche, yakakwirira-simba-density zvinodiwa), emergency inflators, uye marabhoritari-scale hydrogen chizvarwa uko kunodzorwa kuburitswa kunogoneka. Kunyange zvipingamupinyi zvine chekuita nekuita kinetics, kutonga kwekupisa, uye huremu hwelithium hydroxide byproduct iripo, iyo yakakwira hydrogen kuchengetedza huwandu nehuremu (LiH ine ~ 12.6 wt% H₂ inoburitswa kuburikidza neH₂O) inoramba ichimanikidza kune chaiwo mamiriro, kunyanya ichienzaniswa neyakamanikidzwa gasi.
Advanced Material Applications: Shielding uye Energy Storage
1.Lightweight Nuclear Shielding Material: Kupfuura kemikari yayo reactivity, LiH ine zvimiro zvemuviri zvakasarudzika zvekushandisa kwenyukireya. Zviverengero zvaro zveatomiki zvakaderera (lithium nehydrogen) zvinoita kuti ishande zvakanyanya pakuyera uye kutora manyuturoni anopisa kuburikidza ne⁶Li(n,α)³H maitiro ekutora uye kupararira kweproton. Zvine hutsinye, hunyoro hwayo hwakaderera hunoita kuti ive yakareruka nyukireya inodzivirira zvinhu, ichipa mabhenefiti akakosha pamusoro pezvigadzirwa zvechinyakare senge lead kana kongiri mukurema-akakosha maapplication. Izvi zvinonyanya kukosha mumuchadenga (kuchengetedza zvitundumuseremusere zvemagetsi nevashandi), zvinotakurika neutron masosi, uye mabhokisi ekutakura enyukireya uko kudzikisa huremu kwakakosha. LiH inonyatso dzivirira kubva kumwaranzi yakagadzirwa nemaitiro enyukireya, kunyanya neutron radiation.
2.Thermal Energy Storage yeSpace Power Systems: Zvichida iyo yakanyanya futuristic uye inoshingaira tsvakurudzo application ndeye kushandiswa kweLiH yekuchengetedza simba rinopisa remasimba emagetsi emuchadenga. Mamisheni epamusoro emuchadenga, kunyanya aya ari kuenda kure neZuva (semuenzaniso, kumapuraneti ekunze kana mapango emwedzi panguva yehusiku hwakareba), anoda masisitimu emagetsi akasimba asina mwenje wezuva. Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs) inoshandura kupisa kubva pakuora radioisotopes (sePlutonium-238) kuita magetsi. LiH iri kuongororwa seThermal Energy Storage (TES) zvinhu zvakasanganiswa neaya masisitimu. Nheyo iyi inosimudzira LiH yakanyanya kudzika kupisa kwekusanganiswa (kunyungudika ~ 680 ° C, kupisa kwekusanganiswa ~ 2,950 J/g - yakanyanya kukwirisa kupfuura yakajairika munyu seNaCl kana solar munyu). Molten LiH inogona kutora huwandu hwakakura hwekupisa kubva kuRTG panguva ye "kuchaja." Munguva yekunyura kwezuva kana peak simba rekuda, kupisa kwakachengetwa kunoburitswa sezvo LiH inoomesa, kuchengetedza tembiricha yakagadzikana yeanoshandura thermoelectric uye nekuona kuenderera, kwakavimbika magetsi emagetsi kubuda kunyange kana yekutanga kupisa sosi ichichinja kana panguva yerima rakareba. Tsvagiridzo inotarisa kuenderana nemidziyo yemidziyo, kugadzikana kwenguva refu pasi pemabhasikoro ekupisa, uye kugadzirisa dhizaini yehurongwa hwekushanda zvakanyanya uye kuvimbika munzvimbo yakaoma yenzvimbo. NASA nemamwe masangano emuchadenga anoona LiH-yakavakirwa TES seyakakosha yekugonesa tekinoroji yenguva yakareba yakadzika nzvimbo yekuongorora uye mashandiro emwedzi.
Kuwedzera Utility: Desiccant Properties
Ichishandisa hukama hwayo hwakanyanya hwemvura, LiH inoshandawo seyakanakisa desiccant yekuomesa magasi uye zvinonyungudutsa mune dzakanyanya hunyanzvi maapplication anoda yakanyanya kuderera mwando mwero. Nekudaro, kuita kwayo kusingadzoreki nemvura (kupedza LiH uye kugadzira H₂ gasi neLiOH) uye njodzi dzinobatanidzwa zvinoreva kuti inongoshandiswa chete apo zvinojairika desiccants senge molecular sieves kana phosphorus pentoxide isingakwani, kana uko reactivity yayo inoshanda mbiri mbiri.
Lithium hydride, iine makristasi ebluish-chena anosiyana uye zvine simba reactivity kune unyoro, inopfuura nekureruka kemikari musanganiswa. Iyo yakakosha maindasitiri precursor kune akakosha reagents senge lithium aluminium hydride uye silane, ine simba yakananga reductant uye condensation mumiriri mune synthesis, uye sosi inotakurika hydrogen. Kupfuura kemisitiri yechinyakare, yakasarudzika zvimiro zvemuviri - kunyanya musanganiswa wayo wakaderera density uye yakakwira hydrogen/lithium zvemukati - zvakaisimudzira munzvimbo dzepamusoro tekinoroji. Inoshanda seyakajeka huremu nhovo kutarisana nemwaranzi yenyukireya uye ikozvino iri kumberi kwekutsvagisa yekugonesa chizvarwa chinotevera masisitimu emagetsi emuchadenga kuburikidza nepamusoro-density yekupisa kwesimba rekuchengetedza. Ndichiri kuda kubatwa zvine hungwaru nekuda kwechimiro chayo che pyrophoric, iyo yakawanda-yakawanda utility yelithium hydride inova nechokwadi chekuenderera kwayo kukosha kune yakafaranuka yakafararira yesainzi nehuinjiniya dzidziso, kubva pabhenji rerabhoritari kusvika pakadzika penzvimbo yepakati. Basa rayo mukutsigira kugadzirwa kwemakemikari ekutanga uye kuongorora nzvimbo inosimbisa kukosha kwayo kwekusingaperi sechinhu chesimba rakakura uye kushanda kwakasiyana.
Nguva yekutumira: Jul-30-2025