Mu 2010, Geim na Novoselov begukanye igihembo cya Nobel muri fiziki kubera akazi bakoze kuri graphene. Iki gihembo cyasize abantu benshi bakomeye. N'ubundi kandi, si buri gikoresho cy'igerageza cya Nobel gisanzwe nk'ikaseti ifata, kandi si buri kintu cyose cy'ubushakashatsi gifite ubuhanga kandi cyoroshye kumva nka graphene "y'ibice bibiri bya kristale". Igikorwa cyo mu 2004 gishobora gutangwa mu 2010, ibi bikaba ari ibintu bidasanzwe mu mateka y'igihembo cya Nobel mu myaka ya vuba aha.
Graphene ni ubwoko bw'ibintu bigizwe n'urwego rumwe rwa atome za karuboni zifatanye neza mu gice cy'ubuki gifite uburebure bwa hexagonal. Kimwe na diyama, grafiti, fullerene, nanotubes za karuboni na karuboni idafite ishingiro, ni ikintu (ikintu cyoroshye) kigizwe n'ibintu bya karuboni. Nk'uko bigaragara ku ishusho iri hepfo, fullerenes na nanotubes za karuboni zishobora kugaragara nk'izizungurutse mu buryo runaka zivuye ku rwego rumwe rwa grafini, rugizwe n'urwego rwinshi rwa grafini. Ubushakashatsi bw'imitekerereze ku ikoreshwa rya grafini mu gusobanura imiterere y'ibintu bitandukanye byoroshye bya karuboni (grafiti, nanotubes za karuboni na graphene) bumaze imyaka hafi 60, ariko muri rusange bikekwa ko ibyo bikoresho bifite uburebure bwa kabiri bigoye kubaho byonyine, gusa bifatanye n'ubuso bw'ubutaka bufite uburebure bwa gatatu cyangwa ibintu biri imbere nka grafiti. Kugeza mu 2004, ni bwo Andre Geim n'umunyeshuri we Konstantin Novoselov bakuyeho urwego rumwe rwa grafini muri grafiti binyuze mu bushakashatsi, ubushakashatsi kuri grafini bwageze ku iterambere rishya.
Fullerene (ibumoso) na nanotube ya karuboni (hagati) byombi bishobora gufatwa nk'aho bizungurutswa n'urwego rumwe rwa graphene mu buryo runaka, mu gihe graphite (iburyo) ikusanyirijwe hamwe n'urwego rwinshi rwa graphene binyuze mu guhuza imbaraga za van der Waals.
Muri iki gihe, graphene ishobora kuboneka mu buryo bwinshi, kandi uburyo butandukanye bufite ibyiza n'ibibi byabwo. Geim na Novoselov babonye graphene mu buryo bworoshye. Bakoresheje kaseti ibonerana iboneka mu maduka manini, bakuyemo graphene, urupapuro rwa graphite rufite urwego rumwe gusa rw'atome za karuboni, mu gice cya graphite yo mu rwego rwo hejuru ya pyrolytic. Ibi biroroshye, ariko ubushobozi bwo kugenzura ntabwo ari bwiza cyane, kandi graphene ifite ingano iri munsi ya mikoroni 100 (kimwe mu icumi cya milimetero) ishobora kuboneka gusa, ishobora gukoreshwa mu igerageza, ariko biragoye kuyikoresha mu bikorwa bifatika. Gushyira umwuka w'ibinyabutabire mu kinyabutabire bishobora gukura ingero za graphene zifite ingano ya santimetero icumi ku buso bw'icyuma. Nubwo agace gafite icyerekezo gihamye ari mikoroni 100 gusa [3,4], byabereye ku bikenewe mu musaruro w'ibikorwa bimwe na bimwe. Ubundi buryo busanzwe ni ugushyushya kristu ya silicon carbide (SIC) kugeza ku bushyuhe burenze 1100 ℃ mu cyuma, kugira ngo atome za silicon ziri hafi y'ubuso zihinduke, kandi atome za karuboni zisigaye zisubirwemo, zishobora no kubona ingero za graphene zifite imiterere myiza.
Graphene ni ibikoresho bishya bifite imiterere yihariye: imikorere yayo y'amashanyarazi ni myiza cyane nk'umuringa, kandi imikorere yayo y'ubushyuhe ni myiza kurusha ibindi bintu bizwi. Irabonerana cyane. Igice gito cyane (2.3%) cy'urumuri rugaragara ruhagaze ni cyo kizatwarwa na graphene, kandi urumuri rwinshi ruzanyuramo. Ni rurerure cyane ku buryo na atome za helium (molecule ntoya za gaze) zidashobora kunyuramo. Iyi miterere y'amayobera ntabwo iragwa muri grafiti, ahubwo ituruka kuri quantum mechanics. Imiterere yayo yihariye y'amashanyarazi n'amatara igaragaza ko ifite amahirwe menshi yo kuyikoresha.
Nubwo graphene imaze igihe kitarenze imyaka icumi gusa igaragara, yagaragaje uburyo bwinshi bwo kuyikoresha mu bya tekiniki, ibyo bikaba bidakunze kugaragara cyane mu bijyanye na fiziki na siyansi y'ibintu. Bifata imyaka irenga icumi cyangwa imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo kugira ngo ibikoresho rusange bive muri laboratwari bijye mu buzima busanzwe. Ni iyihe kamaro ka graphene? Reka turebe ingero ebyiri.
Electrode yoroshye ibonerana
Mu bikoresho byinshi by'amashanyarazi, ibikoresho biyobora urumuri bigomba gukoreshwa nk'amashanyarazi. Amasaha y'ikoranabuhanga, ibyuma bipima urumuri, televiziyo, ecran z'amazi, ecran zo gukoraho, panneaux z'izuba n'ibindi bikoresho byinshi ntibishobora gusiga amashanyarazi ayobora urumuri. Electrode isanzwe iyobora urumuri ikoresha indiamu tin oxyde (ITO). Bitewe n'igiciro kiri hejuru n'umusaruro muke wa indiamu, ibikoresho biracika intege kandi ntibishobora guhinduka, kandi electrode igomba gushyirwa mu gice cyo hagati cy'icyuma gisukuye, kandi igiciro ni kinini. Hashize igihe kinini abahanga mu bya siyansi bagerageza gushaka icyasimbura. Uretse ibisabwa mu mucyo, imikorere myiza no gutegura byoroshye, niba imiterere y'ibikoresho ubwabyo ari myiza, bizaba bikwiriye mu gukora "impapuro z'ikoranabuhanga" cyangwa ibindi bikoresho byo kwerekana bishobora gupfunyika. Kubwibyo, imiterere nayo ni ingenzi cyane. Graphene ni ibikoresho nk'ibyo, bikwiriye cyane electrode ziyobora urumuri.
Abashakashatsi bo muri Samsung na Kaminuza ya Chengjuguan muri Koreya y'Epfo babonye graphene ifite uburebure bwa santimetero 30 hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa chemical vapor deposition maze bayishyira muri filime ya polyethylene terephthalate (PET) ifite ubugari bwa mikorometero 188 kugira ngo ikore ecran ishingiye kuri graphene [4]. Nkuko bigaragara ku ishusho iri hepfo, graphene yakuwe kuri filime y'umuringa ibanza gufatanywa na kaseti ikoresha ubushyuhe (igice cy'ubururu bubonerana), hanyuma filime y'umuringa irashongeshwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa shimi, hanyuma graphene ijyanwa muri filime ya PET binyuze mu gushyushya.
Ibikoresho bishya by'amashanyarazi bitanga amashanyarazi
Graphene ifite imiterere yihariye cyane y'urumuri. Nubwo hari urwego rumwe gusa rwa atome, ishobora kwinjiza 2.3% by'urumuri rusohoka mu rugero rw'uburebure bw'umuraba kuva ku rumuri rugaragara kugeza kuri infrared. Uyu mubare ntaho uhuriye n'ibindi bipimo by'ibikoresho bya graphene kandi ugenwa na quantum electrodynamics [6]. Urumuri rwinjizwa ruzatuma habaho ikorwa ry'ibitwara (electron n'imyobo). Gukora no gutwara ibitwara muri graphene bitandukanye cyane n'ibyo muri semiconductor zisanzwe. Ibi bituma graphene ikwiriye cyane ibikoresho byo kwihutisha fotoelectric. Bivugwa ko ibyo bikoresho byo kwihutisha fotoelectric bishobora gukora ku muvuduko wa 500ghz. Iyo bikoreshejwe mu kohereza ibimenyetso, bishobora kohereza zeru miliyari 500 cyangwa imwe ku isegonda, kandi bikarangiza kohereza ibiri muri disiki ebyiri za Blu ray mu isegonda rimwe.
Impuguke zo mu kigo cy’ubushakashatsi cya IBM Thomas J. Watson muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zakoresheje graphene mu gukora ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi bishobora gukora kuri frequency ya 10GHz [8]. Ubwa mbere, uduce twa graphene twateguwe ku gice cya silikoni gitwikiriwe na silica y’ubugari bwa nm 300 hakoreshejwe "uburyo bwo gucikamo uduce", hanyuma hakorwa electrode za zahabu ya palladium cyangwa titanium zifite interval ya mikoroni 1 n’ubugari bwa nm 250. Muri ubu buryo, haboneka igikoresho cy’amashanyarazi gishingiye kuri graphene.
Ishusho y'igishushanyo mbonera cy'ibikoresho bya graphene photoelectric induction na microscope electron scanning (SEM) by'ingero nyazo. Umurongo mugufi w'umukara uri ku ishusho uhwanye na mikoroni 5, kandi intera iri hagati y'imirongo y'icyuma ni mikoroni imwe.
Binyuze mu bushakashatsi, abashakashatsi basanze iki gikoresho cy’amashanyarazi gikoresha icyuma cya graphene gishobora kugera ku nshuro ya 16ghz, kandi gishobora gukora ku muvuduko wo hejuru mu ntera y’uburebure kuva kuri 300 nm (hafi ya ultraviolet) kugeza kuri mikoroni 6 (infrared), mu gihe umuyoboro usanzwe w’amashanyarazi ukoresha ikoranabuhanga udashobora gusubiza urumuri rwa infrared rufite uburebure bw’uburebure. Inshuro imikorere y’ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi bikoresha ikoranabuhanga rya graphene iracyafite umwanya mwiza wo kunoza. Imikorere yacyo myiza ituma kigira amahirwe menshi yo gukoresha, harimo itumanaho, kugenzura kure no kugenzura ibidukikije.
Nk'ibikoresho bishya bifite imiterere yihariye, ubushakashatsi ku ikoreshwa rya graphene burimo kugaragara bumwe ku bundi. Biragoye kuri twe kubibara hano. Mu gihe kizaza, hashobora kubaho imiyoboro y'ingaruka z'ikirere ikozwe muri graphene, imiyoboro ya molekile ikozwe muri graphene n'ibikoresho bipima molekile bikozwe muri graphene mu buzima bwa buri munsi… Graphene isohoka buhoro buhoro muri laboratwari izagaragara mu buzima bwa buri munsi.
Dushobora kwitega ko umubare munini w'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bikoresha graphene bizagaragara mu gihe cya vuba. Tekereza ukuntu byaba bishimishije telefoni zacu zigendanwa na netbooks zishobora kuzingirwa, zigahambirwa ku matwi, zigashyirwa mu mifuka, cyangwa zigahambirwa ku kuboko mu gihe zitari gukoreshwa!
Igihe cyo kohereza: Werurwe-09-2022