Litiyumu hydride (LiH), imvange yoroheje y’ibinyabubiri igizwe na lithiyumu na hydrogen, igaragara nk'ikintu gifite akamaro kanini mu bya siyansi no mu nganda nubwo isa n'aho isobanutse neza. Uyu munyu udasanzwe, usa n'ukomeye, ufite kristu z'ubururu n'umweru, ufite uruhurirane rwihariye rw'imikorere y'ibinyabutabire n'imiterere y'umubiri byagize uruhare mu bikorwa bitandukanye kandi by'ingenzi, kuva ku gukora neza kw'ibinyabutabire kugeza ku ikoranabuhanga rigezweho mu isanzure. Urugendo rwawo kuva ku gushishikarira muri laboratwari kugeza ku bikoresho bitanga ikoranabuhanga rigezweho rugaragaza akamaro kawo gatangaje.
Imitungo y'ibanze n'ibigomba kwitabwaho mu micungire
Lithium hydride irangwa no gushonga cyane (hafi 680°C) no kuba ifite ubucucike buke (hafi 0.78 g/cm³), bigatuma iba imwe mu ngirabuzimafatizo zoroheje cyane zizwi. Ikora nk'ikirahuri mu buryo bw'umunyu w'amabuye. Ariko, ikintu cy'ingenzi mu kuyikoresha, kandi kikaba ari ikintu cy'ingenzi mu kuyikoresha, ni uburyo ikora cyane iyo ihuye n'ubushuhe. LiH ni nziza cyane kandi irashya iyo ihuye n'ubushuhe. Iyo ihuye n'amazi cyangwa ndetse n'ubushuhe bwo mu kirere, igira ingaruka zikomeye kandi zidasanzwe: LiH + H₂O → LiOH + H₂. Iyi reaction irekura gaze ya hydrogen vuba, ishobora gushya cyane kandi igatera ibyago bikomeye byo guturika iyo idagenzuwe. Kubera iyo mpamvu, LiH igomba gufatwa no kubikwa mu bihe bidakomeye, akenshi mu kirere cyumye cya argon cyangwa azote, hakoreshejwe uburyo bwihariye nka gloveboxes cyangwa Schlenk lines. Iyi reaction isanzwe, nubwo ari ikibazo cyo kuyikoresha, ni nayo soko y'akamaro kayo kenshi.
Ikoreshwa ry'ingenzi mu nganda no mu bya shimi
1. Imbere y’ingufu za Hydrides: Imwe mu mikoreshereze ikomeye ya LiH mu nganda ni nk'igikoresho cy'ingenzi cyo gutangiza mu gukora Lithium Aluminium Hydride (LiAlH₄), igikoresho cy'ifatizo mu butabire bw'ibinyabuzima n'ibitari umwimerere. LiAlH₄ ikorwa binyuze mu guhuza LiH na aluminium chloride (AlCl₃) mu binyabutabire bya ethereal. LiAlH₄ ubwayo ni igikoresho gikomeye cyane kandi gishobora kugabanya ibintu byinshi, ni ngombwa mu kugabanya amatsinda ya karuboni, aside karuboni, esters, n'andi matsinda menshi y'imikorere mu miti, imiti myiza, no mu gukora polymer. Hatabayeho LiH, ikorwa rya LiAlH₄ rihendutse ryaba ridafite akamaro.
2. Ikorwa rya Silane: LiH igira uruhare runini mu gukora silane (SiH₄), ingenzi mu gukora silikoni isukuye cyane ikoreshwa mu bikoresho bya semiconductor na selile z'izuba. Inzira y'ibanze mu nganda ikubiyemo uburyo LiH ikorana na silikoni tetrachloride (SiCl₄): 4 LiH + SiCl₄ → SiH₄ + 4 LiCl. Ibisabwa kuri Silane mu buziranenge bwinshi bituma iyi gahunda ishingiye kuri LiH iba ingenzi cyane ku nganda zikora ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga na photovoltaic.
3. Ingufu zo Kugabanya Ingufu: Mu buryo butaziguye, LiH ikora nk'ingufu zikomeye zo kugabanya ingufu haba mu buryo bw'umwimerere ndetse no mu buryo bw'umwimerere. Ingufu zayo zikomeye zo kugabanya ingufu (ubushobozi bwo kugabanya busanzwe ~ -2.25 V) zituma igabanya imyuka itandukanye y'icyuma, halide, n'ibinyabutabire bitarazura mu bihe by'ubushyuhe bwinshi cyangwa mu buryo bwihariye bwo gushonga. Ni ingirakamaro cyane cyane mu gukora hydride z'icyuma cyangwa kugabanya amatsinda y'imikorere adakunze kuboneka aho reagents zoroshye zinanirwa.
4. Ikoreshwa mu gushonga kw'amazi mu gukora Organic: LiH ikoreshwa nk'ikoreshwa mu gushonga kw'amazi, cyane cyane mu bikorwa nk'ikoreshwa rya Knoevenagel cyangwa ikoreshwa rya aldol. Ishobora gukora nk'ishingiro ryo gukuraho aside substrates, bigatuma habaho guhuza kwa karuboni na karuboni. Akamaro kayo gakunze kuba mu guhitamo kwayo no gushonga kw'umunyu wa lithium ukorwa nk'ibikomoka kuri iyo myanda.
5. Isoko rya Hydrogen Ishobora Kwimurwa: Uburyo LiH ikorana n'amazi kugira ngo ikore gaze ya hydrogène butuma iba isoko ikurura hydrogène. Iyi miterere yashakishijwe kugira ngo ikoreshwe nk'uturemangingo twa lisansi (cyane cyane ku bijyanye n'ingufu nyinshi zikenewe), ibikoresho byihutirwa byo gushyushya, no gukora hydrogène yo mu rwego rwa laboratwari aho irekurwa rigenzurwa rishoboka. Nubwo hari imbogamizi zijyanye n'uburyo bwo gukora, gucunga ubushyuhe, n'uburemere bw'umusaruro wa lithium hydroxide, ubushobozi bwinshi bwo kubika hydrogène ukurikije uburemere (LiH irimo ~12.6 wt% H₂ irekurwa binyuze muri H₂O) iracyari ngombwa ku bintu bimwe na bimwe, cyane cyane ugereranije na gaze ifunze.
Porogaramu zigezweho zo gukoresha ibikoresho: Gukingira no kubika ingufu
1. Ibikoresho byo kurinda ibidukikije byoroheje: Uretse uburyo byakoreshejwe mu buvuzi, LiH ifite imiterere idasanzwe mu bikorwa bya kirimbuzi. Ibice byayo bike bya atome (lithiyumu na hydrogen) bituma igira imikorere myiza mu kugenzura no gukurura neutron zishyuha binyuze mu buryo bwo gufata ⁶Li(n,α)³H no gukwirakwiza protoni. Icy'ingenzi ni uko ubucucike bwayo buke buyituma iba ibikoresho byo kurinda ibidukikije byoroheje, bitanga inyungu zikomeye ugereranyije n'ibikoresho bisanzwe nka lisansi cyangwa sima mu bikorwa by'ingenzi cyane. Ibi bifite akamaro cyane mu kirere (gukingira ibyogajuru n'abakozi babyo), amasoko ya neutron atwarwa, n'ibigega byo gutwara ibyuma bya kirimbuzi aho kugabanya uburemere ari ingenzi cyane. LiH irinda neza imirasire iterwa n'ibikorwa bya kirimbuzi, cyane cyane imirasire ya neutron.
2. Ububiko bw'ingufu zishyuha ku buryo bw'ingufu zo mu kirere: Birashoboka ko uburyo bwakoreshejwe mu gihe kizaza kandi bukozweho ubushakashatsi bwimbitse ari ugukoresha LiH mu kubika ingufu zishyuha ku buryo bw'ingufu zo mu kirere. Umurimo wo mu kirere uteye imbere, cyane cyane ujya kure y'izuba (urugero, ku mibumbe yo hanze cyangwa ku mpera z'ukwezi mu gihe cy'ijoro rirenga), ukeneye ingufu zikomeye zidafite aho zihuriye n'imirasire y'izuba. Imashini zikoresha amashanyarazi zikoresha radiyo isotope (RTGs) zihindura ubushyuhe buva kuri radioisotope zibora (nka Plutonium-238) zikabuhindura amashanyarazi. LiH irimo gukorwaho ubushakashatsi nk'ibikoresho byo kubika ingufu zishyuha (TES) bihujwe n'izi sisitemu. Iri hame rikoresha ubushyuhe bwinshi cyane bwa LiH bwo guhuza (aho ishonga ~680°C, ubushyuhe bwo guhuza ~ 2,950 J/g - hejuru cyane y'imyunyu isanzwe nka NaCl cyangwa imyunyu y'izuba). LiH ishongeshejwe ishobora kwinjiza ubushyuhe bwinshi buva kuri RTG mu gihe cyo "gutanga umuriro." Mu gihe cy'izuba cyangwa igihe cy'ingufu nyinshi, ubushyuhe bubitswe burekurwa uko LiH ikomeza gukomera, ikabungabunga ubushyuhe buhamye ku byuma bihindura ikirere kandi igakomeza gutanga ingufu z'amashanyarazi zihamye ndetse n'igihe isoko y'ubushyuhe nyamukuru ihindagurika cyangwa mu gihe cy'umwijima mwinshi. Ubushakashatsi bwibanda ku guhuza ibikoresho byo kubika, kugumana ubushyuhe mu gihe kirekire, no kunoza imiterere y'iyi sisitemu kugira ngo ikore neza kandi yiringire mu kirere gikomeye. NASA n'ibindi bigo bikora mu isanzure babona TES ishingiye kuri LiH nk'ikoranabuhanga ry'ingenzi rifasha mu gushakisha mu kirere mu buryo bw'imbitse no mu bikorwa by'ubuso bw'ukwezi mu gihe kirekire.
Inyongera ku byo umuntu yakoresha: Imiterere y'umuti wo koza amenyo
Kubera ko ikoresha imbaraga zayo zikomeye ku mazi, LiH inakora nk'umuti mwiza wo kumisha imyuka n'ibintu biyungurura mu buryo bwihariye busaba ubushuhe buke cyane. Ariko, uburyo ikoramo amazi mu buryo budasubirwaho (ikoresha LiH igatanga gaze ya H₂ na LiOH) hamwe n'ingaruka zijyanye nayo bivuze ko ikoreshwa gusa aho imiti isanzwe nka molekile cyangwa fosifore pentoxide idahagije, cyangwa aho uburyo ikoramo ibintu bibiri.
Lithium hydride, ifite kristu zayo z’ubururu n’umweru kandi ikaba ifite imbaraga nyinshi mu kuvura ubushuhe, ni ikintu kirenze kure imvange y’ibinyabutabire. Ni ikintu cy’ingenzi mu nganda gikoreshwa mu gukora ibintu by’ingenzi nka lithium aluminium hydride na silane, ikintu gikomeye gifasha mu kugabanya ubushyuhe no gushonga mu buryo butaziguye, kandi kikaba isoko ya hydrogen ishobora kwimurwa. Uretse shimi gakondo, imiterere yayo yihariye - cyane cyane ivanze n’ubucucike buke n’ibinyabutabire byinshi bya hydrogen/lithium - byayishyize mu rwego rw’ikoranabuhanga rigezweho. Ikora nk'ingabo yoroheje ikomeye irinda imirasire ya kirimbuzi kandi ubu iri ku isonga mu bushakashatsi bwo kongerera ingufu z’ikirere z’ikinyagihumbi gikurikira binyuze mu kubika ingufu z’ubushyuhe bwinshi. Nubwo isaba kuyikoresha neza bitewe n’imiterere yayo ya pyrophoric, akamaro kayo ka lithium hydride gatuma ikomeza kugira akamaro mu nzego nyinshi za siyansi n’iz’ubuhanga, kuva ku ntebe ya laboratwari kugeza mu isanzure ry’isi. Uruhare rwayo mu gushyigikira ikorwa ry’ibinyabutabire by’ibanze no gushakisha mu kirere bishimangira agaciro kayo gahoraho nk'ibikoresho bifite ubucucike bwinshi bw’ingufu n’imikorere yihariye.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 30 Nyakanga-2025