Litiyumu hydride . Kugaragara nkibintu byoroshye, byera-byera-byera, uyu munyu ngengabuzima ufite imiterere yihariye yimikorere yimiti nibintu bifatika byagize uruhare runini mubikorwa bitandukanye kandi akenshi binengwa, uhereye kumasemburo meza ya chimique kugeza ku ikoranabuhanga rigezweho. Urugendo rwayo kuva muri laboratoire amatsiko kugeza kubintu bifasha ikoranabuhanga ryateye imbere bishimangira akamaro gakomeye.
Ibyingenzi Byibanze no Gukemura Ibitekerezo
Hydride ya Litiyumu irangwa no gushonga kwayo (hafi 680 ° C) n'ubucucike buke (hafi 0,78 g / cm³), bigatuma iba imwe mu miterere yoroheje ya ionic izwi. Ihinduranya muburyo bwa cubic-umunyu. Nyamara, ibisobanuro byayo biranga cyane, kandi nimpamvu nyamukuru mubisabwa kugirango ikemurwe, ni reaction yayo ikabije hamwe nubushuhe. LiH ni hygroscopique cyane kandi yaka umuriro. Iyo ihuye namazi cyangwa nubushuhe bwikirere, ihura nigikorwa gikomeye kandi kidasanzwe: LiH + H₂O → LiOH + H₂. Iyi reaction irekura gaze ya hydrogène byihuse, ikongoka cyane kandi itera ingaruka zikomeye zo guturika niba itagenzuwe. Kubera iyo mpamvu, LiH igomba gukemurwa no kubikwa mubihe bidafite inert, mubisanzwe mukirere cya argon yumye cyangwa azote, hakoreshejwe tekinoroji yihariye nka glovebox cyangwa imirongo ya Schlenk. Iyi reaction idasanzwe, mugihe ikibazo cyo gukemura, nayo soko yibyinshi byingirakamaro.
Ibyingenzi Inganda na Shimi
1.Precursor ya Hydride igoye: Bumwe mu buryo bukoreshwa cyane mu nganda zikoreshwa na LiH ni nkibikoresho byingenzi byo gutangiza umusaruro wa Lithium Aluminium Hydride (LiAlH₄), ibuye rikomeza imfuruka muri chimie organic na organic organique. LiAlH₄ ikomatanyirizwa mugukora LiH hamwe na chloride ya aluminium (AlCl₃) mumashanyarazi ya ethere. LiAlH₄ ubwayo nigikoresho gikomeye kandi kigabanya kugabanya ibintu, ntigisabwa kugabanya amatsinda ya karubone, acide karubike, esters, nandi matsinda menshi akora mumiti yimiti, imiti myiza, hamwe na polymer. Hatari LiH, ubukungu bunini bwa synthesis ya LiAlH₄ ntibyaba bidashoboka.
2.Umusaruro wa Silane: LiH igira uruhare runini muguhuza silane (SiH₄), icyambere kibanziriza silicon ultra-yera ikoreshwa mubikoresho bya semiconductor na selile izuba. Inzira yambere yinganda zirimo reaction ya LiH hamwe na silicon tetrachloride (SiCl₄): 4 LiH + SiCl₄ → SiH₄ + 4 LiCl. Ibisabwa cyane bya Silane bituma iyi nzira ishingiye kuri LiH ari ingenzi mu nganda za elegitoroniki n’amafoto.
3.Ibikoresho bigabanya imbaraga: Mu buryo butaziguye, LiH ikora nk'igikoresho gikomeye kigabanya imbaraga zombi hamwe na synthesis. Imbaraga zayo zikomeye zo kugabanya (ubushobozi busanzwe bwo kugabanya ~ -2.25 V) ituma igabanya okiside zitandukanye zicyuma, halide, hamwe n’ibinyabuzima kidahagije mu bihe by'ubushyuhe bwinshi cyangwa muri sisitemu yihariye. Nibyiza cyane kubyara hydride yicyuma cyangwa kugabanya amatsinda yimikorere idahwitse aho reagent yoroheje yananiwe.
4.Umukozi wa Kondensation muri Synthesis Organic: LiH isanga gusaba nkumukozi wa kondegene, cyane cyane mubitekerezo nka Knoevenagel ya kondensation cyangwa reaction ya aldol. Irashobora gukora nk'ishingiro rya deprotonate acide substrate, ikorohereza guhuza karubone-karubone. Ibyiza byayo akenshi biri muburyo bwo guhitamo no gukemura imyunyu ya lithium ikorwa nkibicuruzwa.
5.Ibikoresho byoroshye bya hydrogène Inkomoko: Imyitwarire ikomeye ya LiH n'amazi kugirango itange gaze ya hydrogène ituma iba umukandida ushimishije nkisoko ya hydrogene. Uyu mutungo wasuzumwe mubisabwa nka selile ya lisansi (cyane cyane kuri niche, ingufu-nyinshi zisabwa), inflator yihutirwa, hamwe na laboratoire nini ya hydrogène aho bishoboka ko irekurwa rishoboka. Mugihe imbogamizi zijyanye na reaction kinetics, gucunga ubushyuhe, hamwe nuburemere bwa lithium hydroxide byproduct ibaho, ubushobozi bwo kubika hydrogène nyinshi kuburemere (LiH irimo ~ 12,6 wt% H₂ irekurwa binyuze kuri H₂O) ikomeje guhatira ibintu byihariye, cyane cyane ugereranije na gaze ifunitse.
Ibikoresho Byambere Byakoreshejwe: Gukingira no Kubika Ingufu
1.Ibikoresho bito bito bya kirimbuzi: Kurenga imiti yacyo, LiH ifite ibintu bidasanzwe byo gukoresha ingufu za kirimbuzi. Umubare muto wa atome (lithium na hydrogène) bituma ukora neza muguhindura no kwinjiza neutron yumuriro ukoresheje ⁶Li (n, α) ³H gufata reaction no gutatanya proton. Icy'ingenzi, ubucucike bwacyo buke cyane butuma ibintu birinda ingufu za kirimbuzi byoroheje, bitanga inyungu zikomeye kurenza ibikoresho gakondo nka gurş cyangwa beto mubikorwa bikomeye. Ibi ni iby'agaciro cyane cyane mu kirere (gukingira icyogajuru icyogajuru cya elegitoroniki n'abakozi), amasoko ya neutron yimukanwa, hamwe n'amasasu yo gutwara ibitwaro bya kirimbuzi aho kugabanya misa ari byo by'ingenzi. LiH irinda neza imirasire iterwa na reaction ya kirimbuzi, cyane cyane imirasire ya neutron.
2.Ububiko bwingufu zubushyuhe bwa sisitemu yububasha bwo mu kirere: Ahari ikoreshwa rya futuristic kandi ryakozweho ubushakashatsi cyane ni ugukoresha LiH mukubika ingufu zumuriro wa sisitemu yumuriro. Inshingano zo mu kirere zateye imbere, cyane cyane zigenda kure yizuba (urugero, ku mibumbe yo hanze cyangwa inkingi z’ukwezi mu ijoro ryagutse), bisaba amashanyarazi akomeye adashingiye ku mirasire y'izuba. Amashanyarazi ya Radioisotope (RTGs) ahindura ubushyuhe buturuka kuri radioisotopi yangirika (nka Plutonium-238) mo amashanyarazi. LiH iri gukorwaho iperereza nkibikoresho byo kubika ingufu (TES) byahujwe na sisitemu. Ihame ryifashisha ubushyuhe bwa LiH bukabije cyane bwihishwa bwo guhuza (gushonga ~ 680 ° C, ubushyuhe bwa fusion ~ 2,950 J / g - hejuru cyane ugereranije numunyu usanzwe nka NaCl cyangwa umunyu wizuba). Molten LiH irashobora gukuramo ubushyuhe bwinshi muri RTG mugihe cyo "kwishyuza." Mugihe cyizuba cyangwa ingufu zikenewe cyane, ubushyuhe bwabitswe burarekurwa nkuko LiH ikomera, ikagumana ubushyuhe buhamye bwihinduranya ryamashanyarazi kandi ikanatanga ingufu zamashanyarazi zikomeza, zizewe nubwo isoko yambere yubushyuhe ihindagurika cyangwa mugihe cyumwijima mwinshi. Ubushakashatsi bwibanze ku guhuza ibikoresho byabitswe, gutuza igihe kirekire munsi yumukino wo gusiganwa ku magare, no kunoza igishushanyo mbonera cya sisitemu kugirango ikorwe neza kandi yizewe mubidukikije bikabije. NASA hamwe n’ibindi bigo byo mu kirere babona TES ishingiye kuri LiH nkikoranabuhanga rikomeye ryifashisha ubushakashatsi bwimbitse bwigihe kirekire nubushakashatsi bwakorewe mukwezi.
Inyungu Zinyongera: Ibyiza bya Desiccant
LiH ikoresha cyane amazi, LiH ikora kandi nka desiccant nziza yo kumisha imyuka hamwe nuwashonga mubikoresho byihariye bisaba ubushuhe buke cyane. Nyamara, uburyo budasubirwaho bwamazi n'amazi (kurya LiH no kubyara H₂ gaze na LiOH) hamwe nibibazo bifitanye isano bivuze ko ikoreshwa gusa mugihe imyanda isanzwe nka sikile ya molekile cyangwa fosifore pentoxide idahagije, cyangwa aho reaction yayo ikora intego ebyiri.
Litiyumu hydride, hamwe na kristu yihariye yubururu-bwera hamwe na reaction zikomeye zijyanye nubushuhe, birenze kure cyane imiti ivanze. Nibintu byingenzi byibanze byinganda zingirakamaro kuri reagent zingirakamaro nka lithium aluminium hydride na silane, imbaraga zikomeye zoguhindura no guhuza imbaraga muri synthesis, nisoko ya hydrogène ishobora gutwara. Kurenga chimie gakondo, imiterere yihariye yumubiri - cyane cyane guhuza ubucucike buke hamwe na hydrogène / lithium nyinshi - byayigize mubikorwa byikoranabuhanga bigezweho. Ikora nk'ingabo yoroheje yoroheje irwanya imirasire ya kirimbuzi kandi ubu iri ku isonga mu bushakashatsi bwo gufasha sisitemu yo mu kirere izakurikiraho binyuze mu kubika ingufu z'ubushyuhe bwinshi. Nubwo bisaba kwitabwaho neza kubera imiterere ya pyrophorique, akamaro kinshi ka hydride ya lithium ituma ikomeza kuba ingirakamaro muburyo butandukanye cyane mubyiciro bya siyansi nubuhanga, kuva kuntebe ya laboratoire kugeza mubwimbike bwimibumbe. Uruhare rwarwo mu gushyigikira inganda zishingiye ku miti n’ibanze mu bushakashatsi bw’ikirere bishimangira agaciro kayo karambye nkibikoresho by’ingufu nyinshi n’imikorere idasanzwe.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Jul-30-2025