Lithium hydride (LiH), gulu losavuta la binary lopangidwa ndi lithiamu ndi haidrojeni, limayima ngati chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pazasayansi komanso mafakitale ngakhale chikuwoneka cholunjika. Kuwoneka ngati makhiristo olimba, otuwa-woyera, mcherewu uli ndi kuphatikiza kwapadera kwa reactivity ndi zinthu zakuthupi zomwe zateteza gawo lake pazinthu zosiyanasiyana komanso nthawi zambiri zovuta, kuyambira kaphatikizidwe kabwino ka mankhwala mpaka luso lapamwamba kwambiri. Ulendo wake kuchokera ku chidwi cha labotale kupita kuzinthu zomwe zimathandizira matekinoloje apamwamba zimatsimikizira kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake modabwitsa.
Zofunikira Zofunikira ndi Zolinga Zosamalira
Lithium hydride imadziwika ndi malo ake osungunuka kwambiri (pafupifupi 680 ° C) komanso kachulukidwe kakang'ono (kuzungulira 0.78 g/cm³), kupangitsa kuti ikhale imodzi mwazinthu zopepuka za ayoni zomwe zimadziwika. Imawonekera mumtundu wa cubic rock-salt. Komabe, chikhalidwe chake chodziwika bwino, komanso chofunikira kwambiri pazofunikira zake, ndikuchitanso kwambiri ndi chinyezi. LiH ndi hygroscopic kwambiri komanso kuyaka mu chinyezi. Ikakumana ndi madzi kapena chinyezi chamumlengalenga, imakumana ndi mphamvu komanso yowopsa: LiH + H₂O → LiOH + H₂. Izi zimamasula msanga mpweya wa haidrojeni, womwe ukhoza kuyaka kwambiri ndipo umadzetsa ngozi yophulika ngati suulamuliridwa. Chifukwa chake, LiH iyenera kusamaliridwa ndikusungidwa m'malo osalimba, nthawi zambiri m'malo owuma a argon kapena nayitrogeni, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zapadera monga ma glovebox kapena mizere ya Schlenk. Reactivity yobadwa nayo iyi, pomwe ndizovuta kuthana nayo, ndiyenso gwero lazofunikira zake.
Core Industrial ndi Chemical Applications
1.Precursor for Complex Hydrides: Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri zamakampani a LiH ndizofunika kwambiri poyambira kupanga Lithium Aluminium Hydride (LiAlH₄), reagent yapangodya mu organic ndi inorganic chemistry. LiAlH₄ imapangidwa pochita LiH ndi aluminium chloride (AlCl₃) mu zosungunulira za ethereal. LiAlH₄ palokha ndi yochepetsera yamphamvu kwambiri komanso yosunthika, yofunikira pochepetsa magulu a carbonyl, carboxylic acid, esters, ndi magulu ena ambiri ogwira ntchito pazamankhwala, mankhwala abwino, ndi kupanga ma polima. Popanda LiH, kaphatikizidwe kazachuma ka LiAlH₄ sikungakhale kosatheka.
2.Silane Production: LiH imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakuphatikizika kwa silane (SiH₄), kalambulabwalo wofunikira wa silicon yoyera kwambiri yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zida za semiconductor ndi ma cell a solar. Njira yayikulu yamafakitale imakhudza momwe LiH ndi silicon tetrachloride (SiCl₄): 4 LiH + SiCl₄ → SiH₄ + 4 LiCl. Zofunikira za chiyero cha Silane zimapangitsa kuti ndondomekoyi yochokera ku LiH ikhale yofunikira kwa mafakitale a zamagetsi ndi photovoltaics.
3.Powerful Reducing Agent: Mwachindunji, LiH imagwira ntchito yochepetsera mphamvu muzinthu zonse za organic and inorganic synthesis. Mphamvu zake zochepetsera (zochepetsetsa zomwe zingatheke ~ -2.25 V) zimalola kuchepetsa ma oxides osiyanasiyana achitsulo, ma halides, ndi mankhwala opangidwa ndi organic unsaturated pansi pa kutentha kwakukulu kapena muzitsulo zinazake zosungunulira. Ndiwothandiza makamaka popanga ma hydrides achitsulo kapena kuchepetsa magulu omwe sapezeka mosavuta pomwe ma reagents ochepera amalephera.
4.Condensation Agent mu Organic Synthesis: LiH imapeza ntchito ngati condensation wothandizira, makamaka muzochitika monga Knoevenagel condensation kapena aldol-type reactions. Itha kukhala ngati maziko ochotsera magawo a acidic acid, kuwongolera mapangidwe a carbon-carbon bond. Ubwino wake nthawi zambiri umakhala pakusankha kwake komanso kusungunuka kwa mchere wa lithiamu wopangidwa ngati zopangira.
5.Portable Hydrogen Gwero: Kuchita mwamphamvu kwa LiH ndi madzi kuti apange mpweya wa haidrojeni kumapangitsa kuti ikhale yokongola ngati gwero la hydrogen. Katunduyu adawunikiridwa kuti agwiritse ntchito ngati ma cell amafuta (makamaka a niche, zofunikira zamphamvu-zamphamvu), ma inflators adzidzidzi, komanso kupanga ma labotale a hydrogen komwe kumasulidwa koyendetsedwa ndikotheka. Ngakhale zovuta zokhudzana ndi machitidwe a kinetics, kayendetsedwe ka kutentha, ndi kulemera kwa lithiamu hydroxide byproduct zilipo, mphamvu yosungiramo haidrojeni yochuluka ndi kulemera kwake (LiH ili ndi ~ 12.6 wt% H₂ yotulutsidwa kudzera pa H₂O) imakhalabe yovomerezeka pazochitika zenizeni, makamaka poyerekeza ndi mpweya woponderezedwa.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito MwaukadauloZida: Kuteteza ndi Kusunga Mphamvu
1.Lightweight Nuclear Shielding Material: Kupyolera mu reactivity yake ya mankhwala, LiH ili ndi zida zapadera zogwiritsira ntchito zida za nyukiliya. Magawo ake a atomiki otsika (lithiamu ndi haidrojeni) amapangitsa kuti ikhale yogwira mtima kwambiri pakuwongolera ndi kuyamwa ma neutroni otenthetsera kudzera mu ⁶Li(n,α)³H kachitidwe kakujambula ndi kumwaza pulotoni. Chofunika kwambiri, kachulukidwe kake kakang'ono kwambiri kamapangitsa kukhala chida chotchingira cha nyukiliya chopepuka, chomwe chimapereka zabwino zambiri kuposa zida zachikhalidwe monga lead kapena konkriti pazofunikira zolemera. Izi ndizofunika kwambiri muzamlengalenga (zotchingira zamagetsi zamagetsi ndi ogwira ntchito m'mlengalenga), magwero onyamula manyutroni, ndi mabotolo onyamula zida za nyukiliya komwe kuchepetsa kulemera ndikofunikira. LiH imateteza bwino ku radiation yopangidwa ndi nyukiliya, makamaka ma radiation a neutron.
2.Thermal Energy Storage for Space Power Systems: Mwina ntchito yamtsogolo komanso yofufuzidwa mwachangu ndikugwiritsa ntchito LiH posungira mphamvu zotentha zamakina amagetsi amlengalenga. Maulendo opita kumlengalenga, makamaka omwe amapita kutali ndi Dzuwa (mwachitsanzo, kupita ku mapulaneti akunja kapena mitengo ya mwezi nthawi yayitali usiku), amafunika mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe sizimayenderana ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa. Ma Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs) amasintha kutentha kuchokera ku ma radioisotopi akuwola (monga Plutonium-238) kukhala magetsi. LiH ikufufuzidwa ngati chinthu cha Thermal Energy Storage (TES) chophatikizidwa ndi machitidwewa. Mfundoyi imapangitsa kuti LiH ikhale yotentha kwambiri yosakanikirana (malo osungunuka ~ 680 ° C, kutentha kwa fusion ~ 2,950 J / g - apamwamba kwambiri kuposa mchere wamba monga NaCl kapena mchere wa dzuwa). Molten LiH imatha kuyamwa kutentha kwakukulu kuchokera ku RTG panthawi ya "charging". Munthawi ya kadamsana kapena kufunikira kwamphamvu kwamphamvu, kutentha komwe kumasungidwa kumatulutsidwa pamene LiH imalimba, kusunga kutentha kokhazikika kwa otembenuza ma thermoelectric ndikuwonetsetsa kuti magetsi amatulutsa mosalekeza, odalirika ngakhale gwero loyamba la kutentha limasinthasintha kapena mumdima wautali. Kafukufuku amayang'ana kwambiri kuyanjana ndi zida zosungira, kukhazikika kwanthawi yayitali pansi pa njinga zamatenthedwe, komanso kukhathamiritsa kapangidwe ka makina kuti azigwira bwino ntchito komanso kudalirika m'malo ovuta. NASA ndi mabungwe ena am'mlengalenga amawona TES yochokera ku LiH ngati ukadaulo wofunikira kwambiri pakuwunika kwakutali kwa malo komanso ntchito zapamtunda.
Zowonjezera Zowonjezera: Desiccant Properties
Pogwiritsa ntchito kuyanjana kwake kwambiri ndi madzi, LiH imagwiranso ntchito ngati desiccant yabwino kwambiri yowumitsa mpweya ndi zosungunulira m'mapulogalamu apadera omwe amafunikira chinyezi chochepa kwambiri. Komabe, kusinthika kwake kosasinthika ndi madzi (kuwononga LiH ndikupanga mpweya wa H₂ ndi LiOH) ndi zoopsa zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa nazo kumatanthauza kuti nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomwe ma desiccants wamba monga ma sieve a molekyulu kapena phosphorous pentoxide sakwanira, kapena pomwe kuyambiranso kwake kumagwira ntchito ziwiri.
Lithium hydride, yokhala ndi makhiristo oyera otuwa komanso kusinthasintha kwamphamvu ku chinyezi, ndi yochulukirapo kuposa mankhwala osavuta. Ndiwofunikira kwambiri pamakampani opanga ma reagents ofunikira monga lithiamu aluminium hydride ndi silane, amphamvu mwachindunji reductant ndi condensation wothandizira pa kaphatikizidwe, komanso gwero la kunyamula haidrojeni. Kupitilira chemistry yachikhalidwe, mawonekedwe ake apadera - makamaka kuphatikiza kwake kocheperako komanso kuchuluka kwa haidrojeni / lithiamu - zapangitsa kuti ikhale yaukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri. Imagwira ntchito ngati chishango chopepuka kwambiri cholimbana ndi cheza cha nyukiliya ndipo tsopano ili patsogolo pa kafukufuku wothandizira machitidwe amagetsi am'mlengalenga a m'badwo wotsatira kudzera pakusungirako mphamvu zotentha kwambiri. Ngakhale kumafuna kusamala mosamala chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chake cha pyrophoric, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kosiyanasiyana kwa lithiamu hydride kumatsimikizira kupitirizabe kufunikira kwa maphunziro a sayansi ndi uinjiniya, kuchokera ku benchi ya labotale mpaka kuya kwapakati pamlengalenga. Udindo wake pothandizira kupanga mankhwala oyambira komanso kufufuza malo oyambira kumatsimikizira kufunika kwake kosatha ngati chinthu chokhala ndi mphamvu zambiri komanso magwiridwe antchito apadera.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jul-30-2025