I te tau 2010, i toa a Geim rāua ko Novoselov i te Tohu Nobel mō te ahupūngao mō tā rāua mahi ki te graphene. Kua waiho e tēnei tohu he pānga hohonu ki te tini o te tangata. Heoi anō, ehara i te mea he rite te rongonui o ngā taputapu whakamātautau katoa o te Tohu Nobel ki te rīpene piri, ā, ehara hoki i te mea he makutu, he ngāwari hoki te mārama ki ngā mea rangahau katoa pērā i te graphene "karaihe rua-ahu". Ka taea te whakawhiwhi i te mahi o te tau 2004 i te tau 2010, he mea onge tēnei i roto i te rekoata o te Tohu Nobel i ngā tau tata nei.
Ko te graphene he momo matū kei roto i te paparanga kotahi o ngā ngota waro e piri ana ki roto i te whatunga hexagonal honikoma e rua-ahu. Pērā i te taimana, te karāpeti, te fullerene, ngā nanotube waro me te waro kore-ahu, he matū (matū māmā) kei roto i ngā huānga waro. E ai ki te pikitia i raro nei, ka kitea ngā fullerene me ngā nanotube waro he mea takai mai i te paparanga kotahi o te graphene, e whakarārangihia ana e ngā paparanga maha o te graphene. Kua tata ki te 60 tau te roa o te rangahau ariā mō te whakamahinga o te graphene hei whakaahua i ngā āhuatanga o ngā matū waro māmā (graphite, nanotube waro me te graphene), engari e whakaponohia whānuitia ana he uaua ki te noho pūmau i aua rauemi rua-ahu, me te piri noa ki te mata o te papa toru-ahu, ki roto rānei i ngā matū pēnei i te graphite. Tae noa ki te tau 2004 i tangohia ai e Andre Geim me tana tauira a Konstantin Novoselov te paparanga kotahi o te graphene mai i te graphite mā roto i ngā whakamātautau, ā, i tutuki ai te whanaketanga hou i roto i te rangahau mō te graphene.
Ka taea te kī ko te fullerene (maui) me te nanotube waro (waenganui) e pōkaihia ana e te paparanga kotahi o te graphene, ko te graphite ia (matau) e whakarārangihia ana e ngā paparanga maha o te graphene mā te hononga o te kaha van der Waals.
I ēnei rā, he maha ngā huarahi e taea ai te whiwhi i te graphene, ā, he rerekē ngā painga me ngā ngoikoretanga o ngā tikanga. I whiwhi a Geim rāua ko Novoselov i te graphene i roto i tētahi huarahi māmā. Mā te whakamahi i te rīpene mārama e wātea ana i ngā hūpāmakete, i tangohia e rāua te graphene, he rau graphite he kotahi noa te paparanga o ngā ngota waro te matotoru, mai i tētahi wahi o te graphite pyrolytic teitei. He watea tēnei, engari kāore i te tino pai te whakahaere, ā, ko te graphene he iti iho i te 100 microns (kotahi te tekau o te mirimita) ka taea anake te whiwhi, ka taea te whakamahi mō ngā whakamātautau, engari he uaua ki te whakamahi mō ngā tono mahi. Ka taea e te whakatakotoranga kohu matū te whakatipu i ngā tauira graphene me te rahi o ngā tekau henimita ki runga i te mata whakarewa. Ahakoa he 100 microns anake te horahanga me te aronga ōrite [3,4], he pai mō ngā hiahia whakaputa o ētahi tono. Ko tētahi atu tikanga noa ko te whakamahana i te karaihe silicon carbide (SIC) ki te neke atu i te 1100 ℃ i roto i te korehau, kia mimiti ai ngā ngota silicon e tata ana ki te mata, ā, kia whakarerekētia ngā ngota waro e toe ana, ka taea hoki te whiwhi tauira graphene me ngā āhuatanga pai.
He rauemi hou te graphene, he āhuatanga ahurei ōna: he rite te pai o tōna kawe hiko ki te parahi, ā, he pai ake tōna kawe wera i tētahi atu rauemi e mōhiotia ana. He tino mārama. He wāhanga iti noa iho (2.3%) o te māramatanga poutū e kitea ana ka mimitihia e te graphene, ā, ka puta te nuinga o te māramatanga. He tino matotoru, kāore e taea e ngā ngota herium (ngā ngota hau iti rawa) te puta. Kāore ēnei āhuatanga makutu i ahu mai i te graphite, engari i te miihini irahiko. Ko ōna āhuatanga hiko me te whatu ahurei e whakatau ana he whānui ngā tono mōna.
Ahakoa kāore i te tekau tau te roa o te puta mai o te graphene, he maha ngā whakamahinga hangarau kua whakaatuhia, he mea tino onge tēnei i roto i ngā mara o te ahupūngao me te pūtaiao rauemi. Neke atu i te tekau tau, tae atu ki ngā tekau tau te roa ka nekehia ngā rauemi whānui mai i te taiwhanga ki te ao tūturu. He aha te whakamahinga o te graphene? Me titiro tātou ki ētahi tauira e rua.
Irahiko mārama ngawari
I roto i te maha o ngā taputapu hiko, me whakamahi ngā rauemi kawe hiko mārama hei irahiko. Kāore e taea e ngā wati hiko, ngā tātaitai, ngā pouaka whakaata, ngā whakaaturanga karaihe wai, ngā mata pā, ngā panera rā me te maha atu o ngā taputapu te whakarere i ngā irahiko mārama. Ka whakamahia e te irahiko mārama tuku iho te indium tin oxide (ITO). Nā te utu nui me te iti o te indium, he pakarukaru te rauemi, ā, kāore e ngāwari, me whakatakoto te irahiko ki te paparanga waenga o te korehau, ā, he tino teitei te utu. Mō te wā roa, kua roa ngā kaipūtaiao e rapu ana i tētahi whakakapi mōna. Haunga ngā whakaritenga o te mārama, te kawe hiko pai me te ngāwari o te whakarite, ki te pai te ngāwari o te rauemi tonu, ka pai mō te hanga "pepa hiko" me ētahi atu taputapu whakaatu takai. Nō reira, he mea tino nui hoki te ngāwari. Ko te graphene tētahi rauemi, he tino pai mō ngā irahiko mārama.
I whiwhi ngā kairangahau o Samsung me Te Whare Wānanga o Chengjunguan i Kōrea ki te Tonga i te graphene me te roa whakarara o te 30 inihi mā te whakatakoto i te kohu matū, ā, ka whakawhitia ki tētahi kiriata polyethylene terephthalate (PET) matotoru 188 micron hei hanga i tētahi mata pa e hangai ana ki te graphene [4]. E ai ki te pikitia i raro nei, ko te graphene i tipuhia ki runga i te pepa parahi ka herea tuatahi ki te rīpene tango wera (wāhanga kikorangi mārama), kātahi ka whakarewahia te pepa parahi mā te tikanga matū, ā, i te mutunga ka whakawhitia te graphene ki te kiriata PET mā te whakamahana.
Ngā taputapu whakapūtanga hiko hou
He tino ahurei ngā āhuatanga whatu o te Graphene. Ahakoa kotahi anake te paparanga o ngā ngota, ka taea e ia te mimiti i te 2.3% o te mārama e tukuna ana i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā roangaru katoa mai i te mārama e kitea ana ki te infrared. Kāore he pānga o tēnei tau ki ētahi atu tawhā rauemi o te graphene, ā, ka whakatauhia e te electrodynamics kuantum [6]. Ka arahina te mārama e mimitihia ana ki te whakaputanga o ngā kaikawe (ngā irahiko me ngā kōhao). He tino rerekē te whakaputanga me te kawe o ngā kaikawe i roto i te graphene i ērā o ngā semiconductors tuku iho. Nā tēnei ka tino pai te graphene mō ngā taputapu whakapūtanga photoelectric tino tere. E kiia ana ka mahi pea aua taputapu whakapūtanga photoelectric i te auau o te 500ghz. Mena ka whakamahia mō te tuku tohu, ka taea e ia te tuku 500 piriona kore, kotahi rānei ia hekona, ā, ka oti te tuku i ngā ihirangi o ngā kōpae Blu-ray e rua i roto i te hekona kotahi.
Kua whakamahia e ngā tohunga o te IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Centre i te Hononga o Amerika te graphene hei hanga i ngā taputapu whakapūtanga hiko-whakaahua ka taea te mahi i te auau 10GHz [8]. Tuatahi, i whakaritea ngā maramara graphene ki runga i tētahi papa silicon kua hipokina ki te silica matotoru 300 nm mā te "tikanga haehae rīpene", kātahi ka hangaia he irahiko koura palladium, koura titanium rānei me te tawhiti o te 1 micron me te whānui o te 250 nm ki runga. Mā tēnei ara, ka whiwhihia he taputapu whakapūtanga hiko-whakaahua e hangai ana ki te graphene.
He hoahoa kauwhata o ngā taputapu whakapūtanga hiko-whakaahua graphene me ngā whakaahua karu hiko matawai (SEM) o ngā tauira tuturu. Ko te rārangi poto pango i roto i te pikitia e rite ana ki te 5 maikorona, ā, ko te tawhiti i waenga i ngā rārangi whakarewa he kotahi maikorona.
I roto i ngā whakamātautau, i kitea e ngā kairangahau ka taea e tēnei taputapu whakapūmau whakaahua-hiko hanganga whakarewa graphene te eke ki te auau mahi o te 16ghz te nuinga, ā, ka taea te mahi i te tere teitei i roto i te awhe roanga ngaru mai i te 300 nm (tata ki te ultraviolet) ki te 6 microns (infrared), engari kāore e taea e te ngongo whakapūmau whakaahua-hiko tuku iho te aro ki te mārama infrared me te roanga ngaru roa. He nui tonu ngā wāhi hei whakapai ake i te auau mahi o ngā taputapu whakapūmau whakaahua-hiko graphene. Nā tōna mahi pai ake, he whānuitia ngā tono, tae atu ki te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, te mana mamao me te aroturuki taiao.
Hei rauemi hou me ngā āhuatanga ahurei, kei te puta ake ngā rangahau mō te whakamahinga o te graphene tetahi i muri i tetahi. He uaua ki a tātou te whakarārangi i a rātou i konei. I ngā rā kei te heke mai, tera pea ka puta he ngongo pānga mara i hangaia ki te graphene, he pana ngota i hangaia ki te graphene me ngā taputapu kite ngota i hangaia ki te graphene i roto i te oranga o ia rā… Ka tiaho te graphene e puta mārire ana i te taiwhanga i roto i te oranga o ia rā.
E tūmanakohia ana ka puta mai he tini o ngā hua hiko e whakamahi ana i te graphene i roto i ngā rā tata nei. Whakaarohia te ātaahua o te āhua mēnā ka taea te pōkai i ā tātou waea atamai me ā tātou rorohiko pūkoro, te here ki ō tātou taringa, te whakauru ki roto i ō tātou pōke, te takai rānei ki ō tātou ringaringa ina kore e whakamahia!
Wā tuku: Maehe-09-2022