Waihāriki lithium (LiH), he matū rua māmā noa iho i hangaia mai i te lithium me te hauwai, e tū ana hei rauemi nui ki te pūtaiao me te ahumahi ahakoa tōna āhua māmā noa iho. He rite ki ngā tioata mārō, kikorangi-mā te āhua, he huinga ahurei o te tauhohenga matū me ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o tēnei tote kore-ora kua mau i tana tūranga i roto i ngā tono kanorau, ā, he maha ngā wā he mea nui, mai i te hanganga matū pai ki te hangarau ātea hou. Ko tana haerenga mai i te hiahia taiwhanga ki tētahi rauemi e āhei ai ngā hangarau matatau e whakaatu ana i tōna whai huatanga whakamiharo.
Ngā Āhuatanga Taketake me ngā Whakaaro Whakahaere
Ko te hydride lithium te mea e kitea ana i tōna ira rewa teitei (tata ki te 680°C) me te iti o te mātotoru (tata ki te 0.78 g/cm³), koia tētahi o ngā matū ionic māmā rawa atu e mōhiotia ana. Ka whakatio i roto i te hanganga toka-tote poraka. Heoi, ko tōna āhuatanga tino tautuhi, me te mea nui i roto i ngā whakaritenga whakahaere, ko tōna tauhohenga tino nui ki te makuku. He tino hygroscopic a LiH, ā, he mura i roto i te makuku. Ina pā ki te wai, ki te haumākū rānei, ka pāngia e te tauhohenga kaha me te werawera: LiH + H₂O → LiOH + H₂. Ka tukuna wawetia e tēnei tauhohenga te hau hauwai, he tino mura, ā, he nui ngā tūponotanga pahūtanga mena kāore e whakahaerea. Nō reira, me whakahaere me te penapena i te LiH i raro i ngā āhuatanga tino kore mahi, i roto i te hauātea maroke o te argon, te hauota rānei, mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga motuhake pēnei i ngā pouaka karapu, i ngā raina Schlenk rānei. Ahakoa he wero whakahaere, ko tēnei tauhohenga ā-roto, koia hoki te pūtake o te nuinga o tōna whai huatanga.
Ngā Taupānga Matua o te Ahumahi me te Matū
1. Kaitūāpapa mō ngā Haidride Matatini: Ko tētahi o ngā whakamahinga ahumahi nui o te LiH ko te mea hei rauemi tīmatanga nui mō te hanga o te Haidride Konumohe Ritiumu (LiAlH₄), he matū matua i roto i te matū waro me te matū kore-waro. Ka hangaia te LiAlH₄ mā te tauhohe i te LiH ki te konumohe pūhaumāota (AlCl₃) i roto i ngā whakarewa ethereal. Ko te LiAlH₄ tonu he kaihoko whakaiti tino kaha, he maha hoki ngā whakamahinga, he mea nui mō te whakaiti i ngā rōpū carbonyl, ngā waikawa carboxylic, ngā esters, me te maha atu o ngā rōpū mahi i roto i ngā rongoā, ngā matū pai, me te hanga polymer. Ki te kore te LiH, kāore e whai hua te hanga nui o te LiAlH₄ i roto i te tauine ōhanga.
2. Te Hanga Silane: He mahi nui tā LiH i roto i te hanga o te silane (SiH₄), he matū matua mō te silicon tino parakore e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā taputapu semiconductor me ngā pūtau solar. Ko te huarahi ahumahi matua ko te tauhohenga o te LiH me te silicon tetrachloride (SiCl₄): 4 LiH + SiCl₄ → SiH₄ + 4 LiCl. Nā ngā whakaritenga parakore teitei o te silane, he mea nui tēnei tukanga e hangai ana ki te LiH mō ngā ahumahi hikohiko me te photovoltaics.
3. Kaihoko Whakaiti Kaha: He kaihoko whakaiti kaha a LiH i roto i te hanganga matū waro me te matū kore-waro. Nā tōna kaha whakaiti kaha (pūmanawa whakaiti paerewa ~ -2.25 V) ka taea e ia te whakaiti i ngā waikura whakarewa, ngā halide, me ngā matū waro kore-māku i raro i ngā āhuatanga pāmahana teitei, i roto rānei i ngā pūnaha whakarewa motuhake. He tino whai hua mō te whakaputa i ngā haidīri whakarewa, te whakaiti rānei i ngā rōpū mahi kāore e taea te uru atu ki te wāhi e kore ai e pai ngā tauhohenga ngawari.
4. Kaihoko Whakapūngao i roto i te Hanganga Waro: Ka whakamahia te LiH hei kaihoko whakapūngao, inā koa i roto i ngā tauhohenga pēnei i te whakapūngao Knoevenagel, i ngā tauhohenga momo-aldol rānei. Ka taea e ia te mahi hei turanga hei tango i te protonation o ngā matū waikawa, hei āwhina i te hanganga hononga waro-waro. Ko tōna painga he maha ngā wā kei roto i tōna whiriwhiringa me te wairewa o ngā tote lithium i hangaia hei hua taha.
5. Pūtake Hauwai Kawe: Nā te kaha o te tauhohenga o te LiH ki te wai hei whakaputa hau hauwai, he mea whakamīharo tēnei hei pūtake hauwai kawe. Kua tūhuratia tēnei āhuatanga mō ngā tono pēnei i ngā pūtau wahie (ina koa mō ngā whakaritenga motuhake, he nui te kiato o te pūngao), ngā pūwero ohorere, me te whakaputa hauwai i roto i te taiwhanga ina taea te tukunga whakahaere. Ahakoa he wero e pā ana ki te tere o te tauhohenga, te whakahaere wera, me te taumaha o te hua taha o te hauwai lithium, he nui tonu te kaha rokiroki hauwai mā te taumaha (kei roto i te LiH te ~12.6 wt% H₂ ka tukuna mā te H₂O) he mea whakamīharo tonu mō ngā āhuatanga motuhake, ina koa ka whakaritea ki te hau kua pēhia.
Ngā Whakamahinga Rauemi Matatau: Te Parepare me te Rokiroki Pūngao
1. Rauemi Ārai Matū Mama: Haunga tōna tauhohenga matū, he tino pai ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o LiH mō ngā tono karihi. Nā te iti o te tau ngota (litium me te hauwai) ka tino whai hua ki te whakaōrite me te mimiti i ngā neutron wera mā te tauhohenga hopu ⁶Li(n,α)³H me te marara porotona. He mea nui, nā te iti rawa o te mātotoru ka waiho hei rauemi ārai karihi mama, e tuku ana i ngā painga nui ki ngā rauemi tuku iho pērā i te mata, te raima rānei i roto i ngā tono taumaha-nui. He tino whai hua tēnei i roto i te rererangi (te tiaki i ngā hikohiko me ngā kaimahi waka rererangi), ngā pūtake neutron kawe, me ngā oko kawe karihi kei reira te mea nui ki te whakaiti i te papatipu. Ka ārai pai a LiH i te irahiko i hangaia e ngā tauhohenga karihi, inā koa te irahiko neutron.
2. Te Rokiroki Pūngao Wera mō ngā Pūnaha Hiko Ātea: Ko te tono pea o mua rawa atu, ā, ko te mea tino rangahauhia ko te whakamahinga o te LiH hei rokiroki pūngao wera mō ngā pūnaha hiko ātea. Ko ngā misioni ātea matatau, inā koa ko ērā e tawhiti ana i te Rā (hei tauira, ki ngā aorangi o waho, ki ngā pou rānei o te marama i te pō roa), me whai pūnaha hiko pakari e kore e pā ki te hihi o te rā. Ka hurihia e ngā Hanganga Thermoelectric Radioisotope (RTG) te wera mai i ngā radioisotope pirau (pērā i te Plutonium-238) hei hiko. Kei te rangahauhia te LiH hei rauemi Rokiroki Pūngao Wera (TES) kua whakauruhia ki ēnei pūnaha. Ka whakamahia e te kaupapa te wera huna tino teitei o te LiH (ira rewa ~680°C, wera o te whakakotahitanga ~ 2,950 J/g – he nui ake i ngā tote noa pēnei i te NaCl, i ngā tote rā rānei). Ka taea e te LiH rewa te mimiti i te nui o te wera mai i te RTG i te wā "whakautu." I ngā wā pōuriuri, i ngā wā e hiahiatia ana te hiko nui rawa atu rānei, ka tukuna te wera kua rongoatia i te wā e totoka ana a LiH, ka pupuri i te pāmahana pumau mō ngā kaitahuri hiko wera, ā, ka whakarite kia puta tonu te hiko hiko pono ahakoa te rerekētanga o te pūtake wera tuatahi, i te wā pōuriuri roa rānei. Ka arotahi ngā rangahau ki te hototahitanga me ngā rauemi pupuri, te pumau mō te wā roa i raro i te huringa wera, me te arotau i te hoahoa pūnaha mō te pai me te pono o te taiao ātea uaua. E kite ana a NASA me ētahi atu tari ātea i te TES e hangai ana ki a LiH hei hangarau whakahohe nui mō te tūhuratanga ātea hohonu mō te wā roa me ngā mahi mata o te marama.
Whaihuatanga Tāpiri: Ngā Āhuatanga Whakamaroke
Mā te whakamahi i tōna kaha ki te wai, ka mahi anō hoki a LiH hei whakamaroke pai mō te whakamaroke i ngā hau me ngā whakarewa i roto i ngā tono tino motuhake e hiahia ana kia iti rawa te makuku. Heoi, ko tana tauhohenga kore e taea te huri ki te wai (te kai i te LiH me te whakaputa i te hau H₂ me te LiOH) me ngā tūponotanga e pā ana ki tēnā, ko te tikanga ka whakamahia noa i ngā wāhi kāore i te rawaka ngā whakamaroke noa pēnei i ngā sieves ngota ngota, te phosphorus pentoxide rānei, i ngā wāhi rānei e rua ngā mahi a tōna tauhohenga.
Ko te hydride lithium, me ōna tioata kikorangi-mā motuhake me te kaha o te tauhohenga ki te makuku, he nui atu i te matū noa iho. He matū ahumahi tino nui mō ngā matū nui pērā i te hydride konumohe lithium me te silane, he matū whakaheke tika kaha me te matū whakapūmau i roto i te hanganga, me te puna hauwai kawe. Haunga te matū tuku iho, ko ōna āhuatanga ā-tinana ahurei - inā koa ko te whakakotahitanga o te iti o te kiato me te nui o te hauwai/lithium - kua panaia ki ngā ao hangarau matatau. He parepare mama nui tēnei ki te irahiko karihi, ā, kei mua i te rangahau inaianei hei whakahohe i ngā pūnaha hiko ātea o muri mai mā te rokiroki pūngao wera nui-kiato. Ahakoa e hiahiatia ana te whakahaere tupato nā tōna āhua pyrophoric, ko te whai huatanga maha o te hydride lithium ka whakarite kia mau tonu tōna hiranga puta noa i te whānuitanga o ngā kaupapa pūtaiao me te hangarau, mai i te papa taiwhanga ki te hohonutanga o te ātea i waenga i ngā aorangi. Ko tana mahi ki te tautoko i te hanga matū taketake me te tūhuratanga ātea pai e whakaatu ana i tōna uara pumau hei rauemi he nui te kiato pūngao me te mahi ahurei.
Wā tuku: Hurae-30-2025