I ka makahiki 2010, ua lanakila ʻo Geim lāua ʻo Novoselov i ka Nobel Prize ma ke ʻano physics no kā lāua hana ma ka graphene. Ua waiho kēia makana i kahi manaʻo hohonu i nā poʻe he nui. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ʻaʻole nā mea hana hoʻokolohua Nobel Prize āpau i like me ka lipine hoʻopili, a ʻaʻole nā mea noiʻi āpau i like me ke kilokilo a maʻalahi hoʻi e hoʻomaopopo e like me ka graphene "crystal ʻelua-dimensional". Hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia ka hana i ka makahiki 2004 i ka makahiki 2010, kahi mea kakaikahi ma ka moʻolelo o ka Nobel Prize i nā makahiki i hala iho nei.
ʻO Graphene kahi ʻano mea i hana ʻia me kahi papa hoʻokahi o nā ʻātoma kalapona i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia i loko o kahi lattice hexagonal me ka meli ʻelua-dimensional. E like me ke daimana, graphite, fullerene, carbon nanotubes a me ke kalapona amorphous, he mea ia (mea maʻalahi) i haku ʻia me nā mea kalapona. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi ma lalo nei, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā fullerenes a me nā nanotubes kalapona e like me ka ʻōwili ʻia ma kekahi ʻano mai kahi papa hoʻokahi o graphene, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e nā papa he nui o graphene. ʻO ka noiʻi kumumanaʻo e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka graphene e wehewehe i nā waiwai o nā mea kalapona maʻalahi like ʻole (graphite, carbon nanotubes a me graphene) ua mau no kahi kokoke i 60 mau makahiki, akā ua manaʻoʻiʻo nui ʻia he paʻakikī ke ola paʻa i kēlā mau mea ʻelua-dimensional, hoʻopili wale ʻia i ka ʻili substrate ʻekolu-dimensional a i ʻole i loko o nā mea e like me graphite. ʻAʻole a hiki i ka makahiki 2004 i wehe ai ʻo Andre Geim lāua ʻo kāna haumāna ʻo Konstantin Novoselov i kahi papa hoʻokahi o graphene mai ka graphite ma o nā hoʻokolohua i loaʻa ai ka noiʻi ma ka graphene i kahi hoʻomohala hou.
Hiki ke manaʻo ʻia ua ʻōwili ʻia ka fullerene (hema) a me ke carbon nanotube (waena) e kahi papa hoʻokahi o ka graphene ma kekahi ʻano, ʻoiai ua hoʻopili ʻia ka graphite (ʻākau) e nā papa he nui o ka graphene ma o ka pilina o ka ikaika van der Waals.
I kēia mau lā, hiki ke loaʻa ka graphene ma nā ʻano he nui, a he mau pono a me nā hemahema ko nā ʻano hana like ʻole. Ua loaʻa iā Geim lāua ʻo Novoselov ka graphene ma ke ʻano maʻalahi. Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lipine moakaka i loaʻa ma nā hale kūʻai nui, ua wehe lākou i ka graphene, kahi pepa graphite me hoʻokahi papa wale nō o nā ʻātoma kalapona ka mānoanoa, mai kahi ʻāpana o ka graphite pyrolytic kiʻekiʻe. He kūpono kēia, akā ʻaʻole maikaʻi loa ka hiki ke hoʻokele, a ʻo ka graphene me ka nui ma lalo o 100 microns (hoʻokahi hapaʻumi o ka millimeter) hiki ke loaʻa wale, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no nā hoʻokolohua, akā paʻakikī ke hoʻohana ʻia no nā noi hana. Hiki i ka waiho ʻana o ka mahu kemika ke ulu i nā laʻana graphene me ka nui o nā ʻumi kenimika ma ka ʻili metala. ʻOiai ʻo ka wahi me ke kuhikuhi kūlike he 100 microns wale nō [3,4], ua kūpono ia no nā pono hana o kekahi mau noi. ʻO kekahi ʻano hana maʻamau, ʻo ia ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ka kristal silicon carbide (SIC) i ʻoi aku ma mua o 1100 ℃ i ka vacuum, i mea e mahu ai nā ʻātoma silicon kokoke i ka ʻili, a hoʻonohonoho hou ʻia nā ʻātoma kalapona i koe, hiki ke loaʻa nā laʻana graphene me nā waiwai maikaʻi.
He mea hou ka Graphene me nā waiwai kūikawā: ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kona conductivity uila e like me ke keleawe, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kona conductivity thermal ma mua o nā mea i ʻike ʻia. He moakaka loa ia. ʻO kahi hapa liʻiliʻi wale nō (2.3%) o ka mālamalama ʻike ʻia e komo ana i ka graphene, a ʻo ka hapa nui o ka mālamalama e hele ma waena. He paʻa loa ia a hiki ʻole i nā ʻātoma helium (nā molekala kinoea liʻiliʻi loa) ke hele ma waena. ʻAʻole i hoʻoilina pololei ʻia kēia mau waiwai kilokilo mai ka graphite, akā mai ka mechanics quantum. ʻO kona mau waiwai uila a me ka optical kū hoʻokahi e hoʻoholo ai he mau manaʻolana noi ākea kona.
ʻOiai ua ʻike ʻia ka graphene no nā makahiki he ʻumi wale nō, ua hōʻike ʻia nā noi loea he nui, he mea kakaikahi loa ia ma nā kahua o ka physics a me ka ʻepekema mea. He ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻumi makahiki a i ʻole he mau makahiki he ʻumi no nā mea maʻamau e neʻe mai ka hale hana i ke ola maoli. He aha ka pono o ka graphene? E nānā kākou i ʻelua mau hiʻohiʻona.
ʻElekoda moakaka palupalu
I loko o nā mīkini uila he nui, pono e hoʻohana ʻia nā mea alakaʻi aniani e like me nā electrodes. ʻAʻole hiki i nā uaki uila, nā helu helu, nā kīwī, nā hōʻike kristal wai, nā pale paʻi, nā panela solar a me nā mea hana ʻē aʻe he nui ke haʻalele i ke ola ʻana o nā electrodes aniani. Hoʻohana ka electrode aniani kuʻuna i ka indium tin oxide (ITO). Ma muli o ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe a me ka lako palena o ka indium, he palupalu ka mea a nele i ka maʻalahi, a pono e waiho ʻia ka electrode ma ka papa waena o ka vacuum, a he kiʻekiʻe ke kumukūʻai. No ka manawa lōʻihi, ua hoʻāʻo nā kānaka ʻepekema e ʻimi i kona pani. Ma waho aʻe o nā koi o ka transparency, ka conductivity maikaʻi a me ka hoʻomākaukau maʻalahi, inā maikaʻi ka maʻalahi o ka mea ponoʻī, e kūpono ia no ka hana ʻana i ka "pepa uila" a i ʻole nā mea hōʻikeʻike pelu ʻē aʻe. No laila, he ʻano koʻikoʻi loa ka maʻalahi. ʻO Graphene kekahi mea, he kūpono loa ia no nā electrodes aniani.
Ua loaʻa i nā kānaka noiʻi mai Samsung a me ke Kulanui ʻo Chengjunguan ma Kōlea Hema ka graphene me ka lōʻihi diagonal o 30 ʻīniha ma o ka waiho ʻana o ka mahu kemika a hoʻoili iā ia i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 188 micron mānoanoa e hana i kahi pale paʻi graphene [4]. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi ma lalo nei, ua hoʻopaʻa mua ʻia ka graphene i ulu ʻia ma luna o ka pepa keleawe me ka lipine hoʻohemo wela (ʻāpana aniani polū), a laila ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka pepa keleawe ma ke ʻano kemika, a ʻo ka hope loa ua hoʻoili ʻia ka graphene i ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni PET ma o ka hoʻomehana ʻana.
Nā lako hana hoʻokomo photoelectric hou
He ʻano ʻokoʻa loa nā waiwai optical o Graphene. ʻOiai hoʻokahi wale nō papa o nā ʻātoma, hiki iā ia ke omo i ka 2.3% o ke kukui i hoʻopuka ʻia ma ka laulā nalu holoʻokoʻa mai ka mālamalama ʻike ʻia a i ka infrared. ʻAʻohe pili o kēia helu me nā ʻano mea ʻē aʻe o ka graphene a ua hoʻoholo ʻia e ka electrodynamics quantum [6]. ʻO ke kukui i omo ʻia e alakaʻi i ka hanauna o nā mea lawe (nā electrons a me nā lua). He ʻokoʻa loa ka hanauna a me ka lawe ʻana o nā mea lawe i loko o ka graphene mai nā mea i loko o nā semiconductors kuʻuna. ʻO kēia ka mea e kūpono loa ai ka graphene no nā lako hoʻokomo photoelectric ultrafast. Ua manaʻo ʻia e hana paha kēlā mau lako hoʻokomo photoelectric ma ke alapine o 500ghz. Inā hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā hōʻailona, hiki iā ia ke hoʻouna i 500 biliona zeros a i ʻole hoʻokahi i kekona, a hoʻopau i ka hoʻouna ʻana o nā ʻike o ʻelua mau disc Blu ray i hoʻokahi kekona.
Ua hoʻohana nā loea mai ke kikowaena noiʻi ʻo IBM Thomas J. Watson ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka graphene e hana i nā mea hoʻokomo photoelectric e hiki ke hana ma ka alapine 10GHz [8]. ʻO ka mea mua, ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā ʻāpana graphene ma luna o kahi substrate silicon i uhi ʻia me ka silica mānoanoa 300 nm ma o ke "ʻano haehae lipine", a laila ua hana ʻia nā electrodes gula palladium a i ʻole titanium gula me kahi manawa o 1 micron a me ka laulā o 250 nm ma luna. Ma kēia ʻano, loaʻa kahi mea hoʻokomo photoelectric i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka graphene.
ʻO ke kiʻikuhi kiʻi o nā lako hana hoʻokomo photoelectric graphene a me nā kiʻi microscope electron scanning (SEM) o nā laʻana maoli. ʻO ka laina pōkole ʻeleʻele ma ke kiʻi e like me 5 microns, a ʻo ka mamao ma waena o nā laina metala he hoʻokahi micron.
Ma o nā hoʻokolohua, ua ʻike nā mea noiʻi hiki i kēia mea hoʻokomo photoelectric metala graphene ke hiki i ka alapine hana o 16ghz ma ka nui loa, a hiki ke hana ma ka wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe ma ka pae nalu mai 300 nm (kokoke i ka ultraviolet) a i 6 microns (infrared), ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki i ka paipu hoʻokomo photoelectric kuʻuna ke pane i ka mālamalama infrared me ka nalu lōʻihi. Loaʻa i ka alapine hana o nā lako hoʻokomo photoelectric graphene kahi lumi nui no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana. ʻO kāna hana kiʻekiʻe e loaʻa ai kahi ākea o nā manaʻolana noi, me ke kamaʻilio ʻana, ka mana mamao a me ka nānā ʻana i ke kaiapuni.
Ma ke ʻano he mea hou me nā waiwai kūikawā, ke puka mai nei ka noiʻi ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka graphene kekahi ma hope o kekahi. He mea paʻakikī iā mākou ke helu iā lākou ma ʻaneʻi. I ka wā e hiki mai ana, aia paha nā paipu hopena kahua i hana ʻia me ka graphene, nā kuapo molekala i hana ʻia me ka graphene a me nā mea ʻike molekala i hana ʻia me ka graphene i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā… ʻO ka Graphene e puka mālie mai ana mai ka hale hana e ʻālohilohi i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā.
Hiki iā kākou ke manaʻo e ʻike ʻia ana ka nui o nā huahana uila e hoʻohana ana i ka graphene i ka wā e hiki mai ana. E noʻonoʻo pehea ka hoihoi inā hiki ke ʻōwili ʻia kā mākou mau kelepona akamai a me nā netbook, hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ko mākou mau pepeiao, hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o kā mākou mau ʻeke, a ʻōwili ʻia a puni ko mākou mau pulima i ka wā ʻaʻole e hoʻohana ʻia!
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Malaki-09-2022