1. Hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka uhi ʻana
I mea e maʻalahi ai ka hoʻāʻo electrochemical ma hope, ua koho ʻia ʻo 30mm × 4 mm 304 kila kila ma ke ʻano he kumu. E hoʻopololei a wehe i ke koena o ka papa oxide a me nā kiko popo ma ka ʻili o ka substrate me ka pepa one, e hoʻokomo iā lākou i loko o kahi kīʻaha me ka acetone, e mālama i nā ʻōpala ma ka ʻili o ka substrate me ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe ultrasonic bg-06c o ka hui uila Bangjie no 20min, e wehe i nā ʻōpala ʻaʻahu ma ka ʻili o ka substrate me ka waiʻona a me ka wai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, a hoʻomaloʻo iā lākou me ka blower. A laila, ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia ka alumina (Al2O3), graphene a me ka hybrid carbon nanotube (mwnt-coohsdbs) ma ka like (100: 0: 0, 99.8: 0.2: 0, 99.8: 0: 0.2, 99.6: 0.2: 0.2), a hoʻokomo i loko o kahi wili pōpō (qm-3sp2 o ka hale hana mea kani ʻo Nanjing NANDA) no ka wili pōpō a me ka hui ʻana. Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka wikiwiki o ka wili pōpō i 220 R / min, a ua hoʻohuli ʻia ka wili pōpō i
Ma hope o ka wili ʻana i ka pōpō, e hoʻonohonoho i ka wikiwiki o ka wili ʻana o ka pahu wili pōpō i 1/2 ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka wili ʻana i ka pōpō, a e hoʻonohonoho i ka wikiwiki o ka wili ʻana o ka pahu wili pōpō i 1/2 ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka wili ʻana i ka pōpō. Hoʻohui like ʻia ka ʻākoakoa keramika i wili ʻia i ka pōpō a me ka mea hoʻopaʻa e like me ka hapa nui o 1.0 ∶ 0.8. ʻO ka hope loa, ua loaʻa ka uhi keramika pipili ma o ke kaʻina hana hoʻōla.
2. Hoʻāʻo ʻino
Ma kēia haʻawina, ua hoʻohana ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka palaho electrochemical i ka wahi hana electrochemical Shanghai Chenhua chi660e, a ua hoʻohana ka hoʻāʻo i kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻāʻo electrode ʻekolu. ʻO ka electrode platinum ka electrode kōkua, ʻo ka electrode kālā chloride ka electrode kuhikuhi, a ʻo ka laʻana i uhi ʻia ka electrode hana, me kahi ʻāpana hōʻike kūpono o 1cm2. E hoʻohui i ka electrode kuhikuhi, ka electrode hana a me ka electrode kōkua i loko o ke kelepona electrolytic me ka mea hana, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma nā Kiʻi 1 a me 2. Ma mua o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, e hoʻomohu i ka laʻana i loko o ka electrolyte, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hopena 3.5% NaCl.
3. Ka loiloi Tafel o ka pala electrochemical o nā uhi
Hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 3 ke kiʻikuhi Tafel o ka substrate i uhi ʻole ʻia a me ka uhi keramika i uhi ʻia me nā mea hoʻohui nano like ʻole ma hope o ka corrosion electrochemical no 19h. Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻikepili hoʻāʻo corrosion, ka nui o ke au corrosion a me ka ʻikepili hoʻāʻo impedance uila i loaʻa mai ka hoʻāʻo corrosion electrochemical ma ka Papa 1.
Hoʻouna
Ke emi ka nui o ke au o ka corrosion a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka pono o ke kūʻē ʻana i ka corrosion, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopena o ke kūʻē ʻana i ka corrosion o ka uhi ʻana. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ke Kiʻi 3 a me ka papa 1 i ka wā he 19h ka manawa corrosion, ʻo ka volta corrosion kiʻekiʻe loa o ka matrix metala ʻōlohelohe he -0.680 V, a ʻo ke au o ka corrosion o ka matrix ka mea nui loa, e hōʻea ana i ka 2.890 × 10-6 A/cm2. I ka wā i uhi ʻia me ka uhi keramika alumina maʻemaʻe, ua emi ka nui o ke au o ka corrosion i 78% a ʻo PE he 22.01%. Hōʻike ia he ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pale ʻana o ka uhi keramika a hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka corrosion o ka uhi ʻana i ka electrolyte neutral.
I ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana o 0.2% mwnt-cooh-sdbs a i ʻole 0.2% graphene i ka uhi ʻana, ua emi ke au o ka corrosion, ua piʻi ke kūʻē, a ua hoʻomaikaʻi hou ʻia ke kūʻē ʻana o ka uhi ʻana i ka corrosion, me ka PE o 38.48% a me 40.10%. Ke uhi ʻia ka ʻili me 0.2% mwnt-cooh-sdbs a me 0.2% graphene i hui pū ʻia me ka alumina coating, ua hoʻemi hou ʻia ke au o ka corrosion mai 2.890 × 10-6 A / cm2 a i lalo i 1.536 × 10-6 A / cm2, ʻo ka waiwai kūʻē kiʻekiʻe loa, ua hoʻonui ʻia mai 11388 Ω a i 28079 Ω, a hiki i ka PE o ka uhi ʻana ke hiki i 46.85%. Hōʻike ia he maikaʻi ke kūʻē ʻana o ka huahana i hoʻomākaukau ʻia i ka corrosion, a hiki i ka hopena synergistic o nā nanotubes carbon a me ka graphene ke hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi i ke kūʻē ʻana o ka corrosion o ka uhi keramika.
4. Ka hopena o ka manawa hoʻomoʻa ma ka impedance uhi
I mea e ʻimi hou aku ai i ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka ʻōpala i ka pala, me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka hopena o ka manawa hoʻoluʻu o ka hāpana i loko o ka electrolyte ma ka hoʻāʻo, ua loaʻa nā piʻo hoʻololi o ke kūpaʻa o nā uhi ʻehā i ka manawa hoʻoluʻu like ʻole, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 4.
Hoʻouna
I ke kahua mua o ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana (10 h), ma muli o ka mānoanoa maikaʻi a me ke ʻano o ka uhi ʻana, he paʻakikī ke hoʻoluʻu ʻana i ka electrolyte i loko o ka uhi. I kēia manawa, hōʻike ka uhi seramika i ke kūʻē kiʻekiʻe. Ma hope o ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana no kekahi manawa, emi nui ke kūʻē, no ka mea, me ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, hana mālie ka electrolyte i kahi kahawai pala ma o nā pores a me nā māwae i loko o ka uhi a komo i loko o ka matrix, e hopena ana i ka emi nui ʻana o ke kūʻē o ka uhi.
I ka lua o ka pae, i ka wā e hoʻonui ai nā huahana pala i kahi nui, ua ālai ʻia ka hoʻolaha ʻana a ua ālai mālie ʻia ka hakahaka. I ka manawa like, i ka wā e komo ai ka electrolyte i loko o ka pilina hoʻopili o ka papa lalo / matrix hoʻopili, e hana nā mole wai me ka mea Fe i loko o ka matrix ma ka hui uhi / matrix e hana i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni oxide metala lahilahi, kahi e pale ai i ke komo ʻana o ka electrolyte i loko o ka matrix a hoʻonui i ka waiwai kū'ē. Ke palaho ʻia ka matrix metala ʻōlohelohe, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka ua flocculent ʻōmaʻomaʻo i hana ʻia ma lalo o ka electrolyte. ʻAʻole i loli ke kala o ka hopena electrolytic i ka wā e electrolyzing ai i ka laʻana i uhi ʻia, hiki ke hōʻoia i ke ola ʻana o ka hopena kemika ma luna.
Ma muli o ka manawa hoʻomoʻa pōkole a me nā kumu mana o waho nui, i mea e loaʻa hou ai ka pilina loli pololei o nā palena electrochemical, ua kālailai ʻia nā piʻo Tafel o 19 h a me 19.5 h. Hōʻike ʻia ka nui o ke au corrosion a me ke kū'ē i loaʻa e ka polokalamu loiloi zsimpwin ma ka Papa 2. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia i ka wā i hoʻomoʻa ʻia no 19 h, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka substrate ʻōlohelohe, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke au corrosion o ka alumina maʻemaʻe a me ka uhi composite alumina e loaʻa ana nā mea nano additive a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka waiwai kū'ē. ʻO ka waiwai kū'ē o ka uhi seramika e loaʻa ana nā nanotubes carbon a me ka uhi e loaʻa ana ka graphene ua aneane like, ʻoiai ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ke ʻano uhi me nā nanotubes carbon a me nā mea composite graphene, ʻO kēia no ka mea ʻo ka hopena synergistic o nā nanotubes carbon hoʻokahi-dimensional a me ka graphene ʻelua-dimensional e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kū'ē ʻana o ka mea.
Me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka manawa hoʻoluʻu (19.5 h), piʻi ka pale ʻana o ka substrate ʻōlohelohe, e hōʻike ana aia ia i ka lua o ka pae o ka pala a hana ʻia ka ʻili oxide metala ma luna o ka ʻili o ka substrate. Pēlā nō, me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka manawa, piʻi pū ka pale ʻana o ka uhi keramika alumina maʻemaʻe, e hōʻike ana i kēia manawa, ʻoiai aia ka hopena lohi o ka uhi keramika, ua komo ka electrolyte i loko o ka pilina pili o ka uhi / matrix, a hana i ka ʻili oxide ma o ka hopena kemika.
Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka uhi alumina me 0.2% mwnt-cooh-sdbs, ka uhi alumina me 0.2% graphene a me ka uhi alumina me 0.2% mwnt-cooh-sdbs a me 0.2% graphene, ua emi nui ke kūpaʻa o ka uhi me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka manawa, ua emi iho ma 22.94%, 25.60% a me 9.61% pakahi, e hōʻike ana ʻaʻole i komo ka electrolyte i loko o ka hui ma waena o ka uhi a me ka substrate i kēia manawa, ʻO kēia no ka mea ke ālai nei ke ʻano o nā nanotubes kalapona a me ka graphene i ke komo ʻana o ka electrolyte i lalo, no laila e pale ana i ka matrix. Ua hōʻoia hou ʻia ka hopena synergistic o nā mea ʻelua. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka uhi me ʻelua mau mea nano.
Ma o ke kiʻikuhi Tafel a me ke kiʻikuhi hoʻololi o ka waiwai impedance uila, ua ʻike ʻia e hiki i ka uhi keramika alumina me ka graphene, nā nanotubes kalapona a me kā lākou hui ʻana ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka matrix metala i ka pala, a ʻo ka hopena synergistic o nā mea ʻelua e hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi hou i ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka uhi keramika adhesive. I mea e ʻimi hou aku ai i ka hopena o nā nano additives i ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka uhi ʻana i ka pala, ua ʻike ʻia ke ʻano o ka ʻili micro o ka uhi ma hope o ka pala.
Hoʻouna
Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 5 (A1, A2, B1, B2) i ke ʻano o ka ʻili o ke kila kila kila 304 i hōʻike ʻia a me nā keramika alumina maʻemaʻe i uhi ʻia ma ka hoʻonui like ʻole ma hope o ka pala. Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 5 (A2) ua lilo ka ʻili ma hope o ka pala i ʻinoʻino. No ka substrate ʻōlohelohe, ʻike ʻia kekahi mau lua pala nui ma ka ʻili ma hope o ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana i loko o ka electrolyte, e hōʻike ana he maikaʻi ʻole ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka corrosion o ka matrix metala ʻōlohelohe a maʻalahi ka electrolyte e komo i loko o ka matrix. No ka uhi keramika alumina maʻemaʻe, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 5 (B2), ʻoiai ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā kahawai pala porous ma hope o ka pala, ʻo ke ʻano paʻa a me ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa o ka uhi keramika alumina maʻemaʻe e pale pono i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o ka electrolyte, e wehewehe ana i ke kumu no ka hoʻomaikaʻi pono ʻana o ka impedance o ka uhi keramika alumina.
Hoʻouna
ʻO ke ʻano o ka ʻili o mwnt-cooh-sdbs, nā uhi e loaʻa ana he 0.2% graphene a me nā uhi e loaʻa ana he 0.2% mwnt-cooh-sdbs a me 0.2% graphene. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia he pālahalaha ke ʻano o nā uhi ʻelua e loaʻa ana ka graphene ma ke Kiʻi 6 (B2 a me C2), paʻa ka nakinaki ʻana ma waena o nā ʻāpana i loko o ka uhi, a ua wahī paʻa ʻia nā ʻāpana aggregate e ka mea hoʻopili. ʻOiai ua ʻino ʻia ka ʻili e ka electrolyte, emi nā kahawai pore i hana ʻia. Ma hope o ka palaho, ua mānoanoa ka ʻili uhi a he kakaikahi nā ʻano kīnā. No ke Kiʻi 6 (A1, A2), ma muli o nā ʻano o mwnt-cooh-sdbs, ʻo ka uhi ma mua o ka palaho he ʻano porous i hoʻolaha like ʻia. Ma hope o ka palaho, lilo nā pores o ka ʻāpana mua i haiki a lōʻihi, a hohonu ke kahawai. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke Kiʻi 6 (B2, C2), ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hemahema o ka ʻano, kahi e kūlike me ka hoʻolaha nui ʻana o ka waiwai impedance uhi i loaʻa mai ka hoʻāʻo palaho electrochemical. Hōʻike ia ʻo ka uhi keramika alumina i loaʻa ka graphene, ʻoiai ka hui ʻana o ka graphene a me ka carbon nanotube, ʻo ia ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa i ka pala. ʻO kēia no ka mea hiki i ke ʻano o ka carbon nanotube a me ka graphene ke ālai pono i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka māwae a pale i ka matrix.
5. Kūkākūkā a me ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo
Ma o ka hoʻāʻo kūpaʻa ʻana i ka palaho o nā nanotubes kalapona a me nā mea hoʻohui graphene ma ka uhi keramika alumina a me ka nānā ʻana i ka microstructure o ka ʻili o ka uhi ʻana, ua huki ʻia nā hopena aʻe:
(1) I ka wā i 19 hola ai ka manawa ʻino, me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka 0.2% hybrid carbon nanotube + 0.2% graphene i hui pū ʻia me ka alumina ceramic coating, ua piʻi ka nui o ke au corrosion mai 2.890 × 10-6 A / cm2 a i lalo i 1.536 × 10-6 A / cm2, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka impedance uila mai 11388 Ω a i 28079 Ω, a ʻo ka pono o ke kūʻē ʻana i ka corrosion ka mea nui loa, 46.85%. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka uhi keramika alumina maʻemaʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūʻē ʻana i ka corrosion o ka uhi hui me ka graphene a me nā carbon nanotubes.
(2) Me ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka manawa hoʻoluʻu o ka electrolyte, komo ka electrolyte i loko o ka ʻili hui o ka uhi / substrate e hana i ka ʻili oxide metala, kahi e keakea ai i ke komo ʻana o ka electrolyte i loko o ka substrate. Hoʻemi mua ka impedance uila a laila hoʻonui, a ʻaʻole maikaʻi ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka corrosion o ka uhi keramika alumina maʻemaʻe. Ua ālai ke ʻano a me ka synergy o nā nanotubes kalapona a me ka graphene i ke komo ʻana o ka electrolyte i lalo. I ka wā i hoʻomoʻa ʻia ai no 19.5 h, ua emi ka impedance uila o ka uhi i loaʻa nā mea nano ma 22.94%, 25.60% a me 9.61% pakahi, a ua maikaʻi ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka uhi.
6. ʻAno hoʻoikaika o ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka palaho o ka uhi ʻana
Ma o ke kiʻikuhi Tafel a me ke kiʻikuhi hoʻololi o ka waiwai impedance uila, ua ʻike ʻia e hiki i ka uhi keramika alumina me ka graphene, nā nanotubes kalapona a me kā lākou hui ʻana ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka matrix metala i ka pala, a ʻo ka hopena synergistic o nā mea ʻelua e hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi hou i ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka uhi keramika adhesive. I mea e ʻimi hou aku ai i ka hopena o nā nano additives i ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka uhi ʻana i ka pala, ua ʻike ʻia ke ʻano o ka ʻili micro o ka uhi ma hope o ka pala.
Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 5 (A1, A2, B1, B2) i ke ʻano o ka ʻili o ke kila kila kila 304 i hōʻike ʻia a me nā keramika alumina maʻemaʻe i uhi ʻia ma ka hoʻonui like ʻole ma hope o ka pala. Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 5 (A2) ua lilo ka ʻili ma hope o ka pala i ʻinoʻino. No ka substrate ʻōlohelohe, ʻike ʻia kekahi mau lua pala nui ma ka ʻili ma hope o ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana i loko o ka electrolyte, e hōʻike ana he maikaʻi ʻole ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka corrosion o ka matrix metala ʻōlohelohe a maʻalahi ka electrolyte e komo i loko o ka matrix. No ka uhi keramika alumina maʻemaʻe, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 5 (B2), ʻoiai ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā kahawai pala porous ma hope o ka pala, ʻo ke ʻano paʻa a me ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa o ka uhi keramika alumina maʻemaʻe e pale pono i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o ka electrolyte, e wehewehe ana i ke kumu no ka hoʻomaikaʻi pono ʻana o ka impedance o ka uhi keramika alumina.
ʻO ke ʻano o ka ʻili o mwnt-cooh-sdbs, nā uhi e loaʻa ana he 0.2% graphene a me nā uhi e loaʻa ana he 0.2% mwnt-cooh-sdbs a me 0.2% graphene. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia he pālahalaha ke ʻano o nā uhi ʻelua e loaʻa ana ka graphene ma ke Kiʻi 6 (B2 a me C2), paʻa ka nakinaki ʻana ma waena o nā ʻāpana i loko o ka uhi, a ua wahī paʻa ʻia nā ʻāpana aggregate e ka mea hoʻopili. ʻOiai ua ʻino ʻia ka ʻili e ka electrolyte, emi nā kahawai pore i hana ʻia. Ma hope o ka palaho, ua mānoanoa ka ʻili uhi a he kakaikahi nā ʻano kīnā. No ke Kiʻi 6 (A1, A2), ma muli o nā ʻano o mwnt-cooh-sdbs, ʻo ka uhi ma mua o ka palaho he ʻano porous i hoʻolaha like ʻia. Ma hope o ka palaho, lilo nā pores o ka ʻāpana mua i haiki a lōʻihi, a hohonu ke kahawai. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke Kiʻi 6 (B2, C2), ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hemahema o ka ʻano, kahi e kūlike me ka hoʻolaha nui ʻana o ka waiwai impedance uhi i loaʻa mai ka hoʻāʻo palaho electrochemical. Hōʻike ia ʻo ka uhi keramika alumina i loaʻa ka graphene, ʻoiai ka hui ʻana o ka graphene a me ka carbon nanotube, ʻo ia ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa i ka pala. ʻO kēia no ka mea hiki i ke ʻano o ka carbon nanotube a me ka graphene ke ālai pono i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka māwae a pale i ka matrix.
7. Kūkākūkā a me ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo
Ma o ka hoʻāʻo kūpaʻa ʻana i ka palaho o nā nanotubes kalapona a me nā mea hoʻohui graphene ma ka uhi keramika alumina a me ka nānā ʻana i ka microstructure o ka ʻili o ka uhi ʻana, ua huki ʻia nā hopena aʻe:
(1) I ka wā i 19 hola ai ka manawa ʻino, me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka 0.2% hybrid carbon nanotube + 0.2% graphene i hui pū ʻia me ka alumina ceramic coating, ua piʻi ka nui o ke au corrosion mai 2.890 × 10-6 A / cm2 a i lalo i 1.536 × 10-6 A / cm2, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka impedance uila mai 11388 Ω a i 28079 Ω, a ʻo ka pono o ke kūʻē ʻana i ka corrosion ka mea nui loa, 46.85%. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka uhi keramika alumina maʻemaʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūʻē ʻana i ka corrosion o ka uhi hui me ka graphene a me nā carbon nanotubes.
(2) Me ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka manawa hoʻoluʻu o ka electrolyte, komo ka electrolyte i loko o ka ʻili hui o ka uhi / substrate e hana i ka ʻili oxide metala, kahi e keakea ai i ke komo ʻana o ka electrolyte i loko o ka substrate. Hoʻemi mua ka impedance uila a laila hoʻonui, a ʻaʻole maikaʻi ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka corrosion o ka uhi keramika alumina maʻemaʻe. Ua ālai ke ʻano a me ka synergy o nā nanotubes kalapona a me ka graphene i ke komo ʻana o ka electrolyte i lalo. I ka wā i hoʻomoʻa ʻia ai no 19.5 h, ua emi ka impedance uila o ka uhi i loaʻa nā mea nano ma 22.94%, 25.60% a me 9.61% pakahi, a ua maikaʻi ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka uhi.
(3) Ma muli o nā ʻano o nā nanotubes kalapona, ʻo ka uhi i hoʻohui ʻia me nā nanotubes kalapona wale nō he ʻano porous i hoʻolaha like ʻia ma mua o ka pala. Ma hope o ka pala, lilo nā pores o ka ʻāpana mua i ololi a lōʻihi, a ʻoi aku ka hohonu o nā kahawai. He ʻano pālahalaha ka uhi i loaʻa ka graphene ma mua o ka pala, kokoke ka hui ʻana ma waena o nā ʻāpana i loko o ka uhi, a ua ʻōwili paʻa ʻia nā ʻāpana aggregate e ka mea hoʻopili. ʻOiai ua hoʻopau ʻia ka ʻili e ka electrolyte ma hope o ka pala, he kakaikahi nā kahawai pore a ua mānoanoa mau ke ʻano. Hiki i ke ʻano o nā nanotubes kalapona a me ka graphene ke pale pono i ka laha ʻana o ka māwae a pale i ka matrix.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Malaki-09-2022