Lithium hydride (LiH), he pūhui binary maʻalahi i haku ʻia me ka lithium a me ka hydrogen, ke kū nei ma ke ʻano he mea koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana ʻoiai kona ʻano maʻalahi. ʻIke ʻia e like me nā kristal keʻokeʻo paʻakikī, ʻulaʻula-keʻokeʻo, loaʻa i kēia paʻakai inorganic kahi hui kūʻokoʻa o ka reactivity kemika a me nā waiwai kino i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kāna kuleana i nā noi like ʻole a koʻikoʻi pinepine, mai ka synthesis kemika maikaʻi a hiki i ka ʻenehana ākea. ʻO kāna huakaʻi mai kahi ʻimi noiʻi keʻena hana i kahi mea e hiki ai i nā ʻenehana holomua e hōʻike ana i kāna pono kupaianaha.
Nā Pono Pono a me nā Noʻonoʻo Hoʻohana
Hōʻike ʻia ka Lithium hydride e kona wahi hoʻoheheʻe kiʻekiʻe (ma kahi o 680°C) a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (ma kahi o 0.78 g/cm³), e hoʻolilo iā ia kekahi o nā pūhui ionic māmā loa i ʻike ʻia. Ua crystallize i loko o ka cubic pōhaku-paakai. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo kāna ʻano wehewehe nui loa, a ʻo kahi kumu nui i kāna mau koi ʻana, ʻo ia kona ʻano ʻoi loa me ka makū. He hygroscopic nui ka LiH a hiki ke puhi i ka wai. Ke hoʻopili ʻia me ka wai a i ʻole ka haʻahaʻa o ka lewa, loaʻa iā ia kahi hopena ikaika a exothermic: LiH + H₂O → LiOH + H₂. Hoʻokuʻu koke ʻia kēia hopena i ke kinoea hydrogen, ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. No laila, pono e mālama ʻia a mālama ʻia ʻo LiH ma lalo o nā kūlana inert, maʻamau i loko o kahi lewa o ka argon maloʻo a i ʻole nitrogen, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana kūikawā e like me nā pahu lima a i ʻole nā laina Schlenk. ʻO kēia reactivity inherent, ʻoiai he paʻakikī ka lawelawe ʻana, ʻo ia ke kumu o ka nui o kona pono.
Noi Hana Hana a me Kemika
1.Precursor for Complex Hydrides: ʻO kekahi o nā hoʻohana ʻoihana koʻikoʻi o LiH ʻo ia ka mea hoʻomaka koʻikoʻi no ka hana ʻana i ka Lithium Aluminum Hydride (LiAlH₄), kahi reagent pōhaku kihi i loko o nā kemika a me nā kemika inorganic. Hoʻohui ʻia ʻo LiAlH₄ ma ka hana ʻana i ka LiH me ka alumini chloride (AlCl₃) i loko o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ethereal. ʻO LiAlH₄ ponoʻī he mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa ikaika loa, pono no ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā pūʻulu carbonyl, nā waikawa carboxylic, nā esters, a me nā hui hana ʻē aʻe he nui i nā lāʻau lapaʻau, nā kemika maikaʻi, a me ka hana polymer. Me ka ʻole o ka LiH, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻohuihui nui ʻana o LiAlH₄.
2.Silane Production: LiH pāʻani koʻikoʻi i loko o ka synthesis o silane (SiH₄), he ki precursor no ultra-maemae silicon i hoʻohana 'ia i loko o semiconductor lako a me ka lā. ʻO ke ala ʻoihana mua e pili ana i ka hopena o ka LiH me ka silicon tetrachloride (SiCl₄): 4 LiH + SiCl₄ → SiH₄ + 4 LiCl. ʻO nā koi hoʻomaʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe o Silane he mea nui kēia kaʻina hana LiH no ka ʻoihana uila a me nā ʻoihana photovoltaics.
3.Powerful Reducing Agent: Ma ke ala pololei, lawelawe ʻo LiH ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa ikaika i ka synthesis organik a me ka inorganic. ʻO kona mana hoʻohaʻahaʻa ikaika (kūpono hoʻemi maʻamau ~ -2.25 V) hiki iā ia ke hōʻemi i nā ʻano metala oxides, halides, a me nā pūhui organik unsaturated ma lalo o nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole i nā ʻōnaehana solvent. He mea pono loa ia no ka hana ʻana i nā hydrides metala a i ʻole ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā pūʻulu hana hiki ʻole ke loaʻa kahi i pau ʻole ai nā reagents māmā.
4.Condensation Agent in Organic Synthesis: Loaʻa ka LiH i ka noi ma ke ʻano he condensation agent, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hopena e like me ka Knoevenagel condensation a i ʻole nā ʻano ʻano aldol. Hiki iā ia ke hana ma ke ʻano he kumu no ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā substrate acidic, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka carbon-carbon bond. Loaʻa pinepine kona pōmaikaʻi i kāna koho a me ka solubility o nā paʻakai lithium i hana ʻia e like me nā huahana.
5.Portable Hydrogen Source: ʻO ka hopena ikaika o ka LiH me ka wai e hana i ke kinoea hydrogen e lilo ia i moho hoihoi ma ke ʻano he kumu lawe hydrogen. Ua ʻimi ʻia kēia waiwai no nā noi e like me nā pūnaewele wahie (ʻoi loa no ka niche, nā koi kiʻekiʻe o ka ikehu), inflators pilikia, a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka hydrogen scale-laboratories kahi e hiki ai ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia. ʻOiai nā pilikia e pili ana i nā kinetics reaction, ka hoʻokele wela, a me ke kaumaha o ka lithium hydroxide byproduct, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hydrogen storage capacity ma ke kaupaona (LiH he ~12.6 wt% H₂ hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma H₂O) ke koi mau nei no nā hiʻohiʻona kikoʻī, i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke kinoea compressed.
Nā Mea Hana Hou: Pale a me ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu
1.Lightweight Nuclear Shielding Material: Ma waho aʻe o kona reactivity kemika, loaʻa iā LiH nā waiwai kino kūikawā no nā noi nuklea. ʻO kāna mau helu ʻātoma haʻahaʻa (lithium a me hydrogen) e hana maikaʻi loa ia i ka hoʻololi ʻana a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā neutron wela ma o ka ⁶Li(n,α)³H hopu hopu a me ka hoʻopuehu proton. ʻO ka mea koʻikoʻi, ʻo kona haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa e lilo ia i mea pale pale nuklea māmā, e hāʻawi ana i nā pono koʻikoʻi ma mua o nā mea kuʻuna e like me ke alakaʻi a i ʻole ke koʻikoʻi i nā noi koʻikoʻi kaumaha. He mea waiwai nui kēia i ka aerospace (pale i nā lako uila a me nā hui), nā kumu neutron portable, a me nā pahu lawe nuklea kahi mea nui e hoʻemi ai i ka nui. Mālama maikaʻi ʻo LiH mai ka radiation i hana ʻia e nā hopena nuklea, ʻoi aku ka neutron radiation.
2. Thermal Energy Storage for Space Power Systems: Malia paha ʻo ka noiʻi hope loa a noiʻi ikaika ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka LiH no ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu wela no nā ʻōnaehana mana ākea. ʻO nā mikiona ākea kiʻekiʻe, ʻoi aku ka poʻe e hele mamao ana mai ka Lā (e laʻa, i nā hōkū o waho a i ʻole nā pou lunar i ka pō lōʻihi), pono nā ʻōnaehana mana ikaika e kūʻokoʻa i ka ʻālohilohi o ka lā. Hoʻololi nā Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs) i ka wela mai nā radioisotopes palaho (e like me Plutonium-238) i uila. Ke noiʻi ʻia nei ʻo LiH ma ke ʻano he Thermal Energy Storage (TES) i hoʻohui ʻia me kēia mau ʻōnaehana. Hoʻohana ka manaʻo i ka wela latent kiʻekiʻe loa o ka LiH (kahi heheʻe ~680°C, wela o ka hui ʻana ~ 2,950 J/g – ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā paʻakai maʻamau e like me NaCl a i ʻole nā paʻakai lā). Hiki i ka Molten LiH ke komo i ka nui o ka wela mai ka RTG i ka wā "hoʻouka." I ka wā eclipse a i ʻole koi mana kiʻekiʻe, hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka wela i mālama ʻia i ka wā e paʻa ai ka LiH, e mālama ana i kahi mahana paʻa no nā mea hoʻololi thermoelectric a me ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka hoʻopuka ʻana i ka mana uila hilinaʻi ʻoiai ke loli ke kumu wela mua a i ka wā pōʻeleʻele. Ke nānā aku nei ka noiʻi i ka hoʻopili ʻana me nā mea hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ka paʻa lōʻihi ma lalo o ke kaʻa kaʻa wela, a me ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ka hoʻolālā ʻōnaehana no ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me ka hilinaʻi i ke kaiapuni ākea. Nānā ʻo NASA a me nā keʻena kikowaena ʻē aʻe i ka TES i hoʻokumu ʻia ma LiH ma ke ʻano he ʻenehana hoʻoikaika koʻikoʻi no ka ʻimi ʻana i ka lewa hohonu a me nā hana o ka lunar.
Mea hoʻohana hou aku: Desiccant Properties
Ke hoʻohana nei i kona pilina ikaika no ka wai, hana pū ʻo LiH ma ke ʻano he desiccant maikaʻi loa no ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana i nā kinoea a me nā solvents i nā noi kūikawā e koi ana i nā pae haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo kona hopena hiki ʻole ke hoʻololi ʻia me ka wai (e ʻai ana i ka LiH a hana i ka H₂ kinoea a me LiOH) a me nā pōʻino e pili ana, ʻo ia ka mea maʻamau e hoʻohana wale ʻia inā ʻaʻole lawa nā desiccants maʻamau e like me ka molecular sieves a i ʻole ka phosphorus pentoxide, a i ʻole ma kahi o kāna reactivity he kumu ʻelua.
ʻO ka Lithium hydride, me kāna mau kristal keʻokeʻo polū-keʻokeʻo a me ka hoʻoikaika ikaika ʻana i ka makū, ʻoi aku ia ma mua o kahi pūhui kemika maʻalahi. He mea koʻikoʻi ia i ka ʻoihana mua no nā reagents koʻikoʻi e like me ka lithium aluminika hydride a me ka silane, kahi reductant pololei a me ka condensation agent i ka synthesis, a me kahi kumu o ka hydrogen portable. Ma waho aʻe o ke kemika kuʻuna, ʻo kona mau waiwai kino kūʻokoʻa - ʻo ia hoʻi kona hui pū ʻana o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hydrogen/lithium content - ua hoʻoneʻe iā ia i loko o nā ʻenehana ʻenehana holomua. He pale māmā koʻikoʻi ia e kūʻē i ka radiation nuklea a aia i kēia manawa ke poʻo o ka noiʻi no ka ʻae ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana mana o ka wā e hiki mai ana ma o ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu wela kiʻekiʻe. ʻOiai e koi ana i ka mālama pono ʻana ma muli o kona ʻano pyrophoric, ʻo ka mea hoʻohana multifaceted o ka lithium hydride e hōʻoia i ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka pilina ma waena o kahi kikoʻī ākea ākea o nā ʻepekema a me nā ʻenekinia, mai ka papa hana hoʻokolohua a i ka hohonu o ka interplanetary space. ʻO kāna kuleana i ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka hana kemika kumu a me ka ʻimi ʻana i nā wahi paionia e hōʻike ana i kona waiwai mau ma ke ʻano he mea o ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe a me ka hana kūʻokoʻa.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Iulai-30-2025